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29 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Narrow Spectrum Pesticide

a selective pesticide (usually an insecticide) that is toxic to one or a few species or species groups

Broad Spectrum Pesticide

a nonselective pesticide (usually an insecticide) that is toxic to many species

First Generation Pesticide

first-generation pesticides, which were used prior to 1940, consisted of compounds such as arsenic, mercury, and lead. These were soon abandoned because they were highly toxic and ineffective.

Second Generation Pesticide

The second-generation pesticides were composed of synthetic organic compounds.

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons are a group of chemicals composed of carbon, chlorine, and hydrogen. As pesticides, they are also referred to by several other names, including chlorinated organics, chlorinated insecticides, and chlorinated synthetics.

DDT

DichlorodiphenyltrichloroethaneOrganochlorine insecticide1945 control of mosquitoesEffective but very persistentVery soluble in fatDamaged bird eggsIt was toxic to wide range of insect pests ("broad spectrum") yet appeared to have low toxicity to mammals.It was persistent (didn't break down rapidly in the environment) so that it didn't have to be reapplied often.It was not water soluble (insoluble), so didn't get washed off by rains.It was inexpensive and easy to applyIt was so effective at killing pests and thus boosting crop yields and was so inexpensive to make that its use quickly spread over the globe. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul Muller was awarded the Nobel Prize for its discovery.

Organophosphates

-Diazinon-Fenitrothion-Dichlorvos -Dimethoate-Malathion

Carbamates

-Aldicarb-Carbofuran

Selective Pesticides

A chemical designed to affect only certain types of pests, leaving other plants and animals unharmed.

Genetic Resistance

is an inherited change in the genome of an organism that confers a selective survival advantage due to conferring or increasing resistance to disease.

Pesticide Treadmill

is a term indicating a situation in which it becomes necessary for a farmer to continue using pesticides regularly because they have become an indispensable part of an agricultural cycle.

Bioaccumalation

the tendency for a compound to accumulate in an organisms tissues over time (especially in fatty tissues for fat soluble organochlorines such as DDT) 35,000 or more commercial products that use pesticidesMany pesticides are neurotoxic (affect the nervous system)Many kill desirable insects or plantsContaminate streams and lakes

Biological Magnification

an increase in concentration up the food chain.Because of the inefficiency of energy transfer, each minnow has to eat lots of zooplankton, and so acquires quite a burden from them.

Biological Control

is a component of an integrated pest management strategy. It is defined as the reduction of pest populations by natural enemies and typically involves an active human role.

Pheromone

is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species.

Hormone

regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action.

Integrated Pest Management

is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties.

Food Irradiation

is the process of exposing food to a controlled amount of energy called "ionizing radiation." There are three different types of radiation allowed: Gamma rays, X-rays and electron beam radiation.

Risk

Probability that something undesirable will result from deliberate or accidental exposure to a hazard.

Risk Assessment

Process of gathering data and making assumptions to estimate short- and long-term harmful effects on human health or the environment from exposure to hazards associated with the use of a particular product or technology.

Risk Management

Using risk assessment and other information to determine options and make decisions about reducing or eliminating risks

Chemical hazards

is any substance that can cause harm, primarily to people.

Physical Hazards

means a chemical for which there is scientifically valid evidence that it is a combustible liquid, a compressed gas, explosive, flammable, an organic peroxide, an oxidizer, pyrophoric, unstable

Biological hazards

refer to biological substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily that of humans. This can include medical waste or samples of a microorganism, virus or toxin (from a biological source) that can affect human health.

Toxicity

is the degree to which a substance can damage an organism

Dose

a quantity of a medicine or drug taken or recommended to be taken at a particular time

Chronic Affect

Adverse effect on animal or human body with symptoms that develop slowly, due to long and continuous exposure to low concentrations of a hazardous substance. Such symptoms do not usually subside when the exposure stops.

Acute Effect

Adverse effect (due to exposure to a harmful substance) on animals or humans, whereby severe symptoms develop rapidly and lead quickly to a health crisis. These symptoms often subside when the exposure stops.

Threshold Level

- the intensity level that is just barely perceptible