Ape Unit 1 Renaissance

Front 1

Renaissance

Back 1

14th-15th century period of intellectual & artistic rebirt in Italy & northern Europe

Front 2

Florence

Back 2

major northern Italian city-state, center of quattrocento culture

Front 3

Medici

Back 3

family of urban nobility that ruled Florence in the 15th century/quatrocento

Front 4

quattrocento

Back 4

1400's

Front 5

cinquecento

Back 5

1500's

Front 6

Black Death

Back 6

mid 14th century bubonic plague that killed 1/3 of Europe

Front 7

Crusades

Back 7

11th-13th century anti-Seljuk campaigns that transformed Europe & laid the economic groundwork for the Renaissance

Front 8

Commercial Revolution

Back 8

late medieval explosion of global trade that weakened medieval institutions & laid groundwork for Italian economic dominance

Front 9

Ciompi revolts

Back 9

unsuccessful 1378 revolt of the lower-class wool carders of Florence

Front 10

communes

Back 10

associations of free men, independent of local lords, that ruled the northern Italian city-states

Front 11

urban nobility

Back 11

hybrid class of merchants and nobles that ruled Italian city-states during the Renaissance

Front 12

popolo

Back 12

middle class
disenfranchised people in Italian communes who resented their exclusion from power

Front 13

signori

Back 13

despots who ruled many of the Italian city-states

Front 14

oligarchies

Back 14

groups of merchant aristocrats that ruled many of the Italian city-states

Front 15

princely courts

Back 15

the place or space where despots or oligarchs lived, conducted business, and displayed their wealth and patronage of the arts

Front 16

balance of power

Back 16

principle of international diplomacy that avoids any one entity gaining too much power--characterized quattrocento Italian politics

Front 17

city-states

Back 17

autonomous cities & environs that acted as nations in Renaissance Italy

Front 18

Sforza

Back 18

dynasty that ruled Milan during the Renaissance

Front 19

Babylonian Captivity

Back 19

14th century period during which popes ruled from Avignon, France rather than Rome

Front 20

Great Schism

Back 20

14th century period of 2 popes, one recognized by France, the other by England/Germany

Front 21

Conciliar Movement

Back 21

15th century movement to reform church with a college of cardinals with more power than pope

Front 22

Alexander VI

Back 22

corrupt Renaissance pope, member of the Borgia family, who became a patron of 15th century art

Front 23

Papal States

Back 23

north central Italian territory ruled by the popes--included Rome

Front 24

Cesare Borgia

Back 24

ambitious Italian politician, son of Alexander VI, immortalized by Machiavelli

Front 25

Savanarola

Back 25

Florentine monk who achieved dominance at end of 15th century by attacking the materialism & decadence of Florence under the Medici

Front 26

Charles VIII

Back 26

French king who invaded Italy in 1494 and began the decline of the Italian city-states

Front 27

League of Cambrai

Back 27

Alliance betweeen Charles VIII, Pope, and Holy Roman Emperor for purpose of defeating Venice

Front 28

Charles V

Back 28

Holy roman Emperor who fought Habsburg-Valois Wars

Front 29

Habsburg-Valois Wars

Back 29

dynastic wars between HRE and France, often fought in Italy

Front 30

1347

Back 30

date of Black Death

Front 31

1490's

Back 31

period of Savanarola's dominance in Florence

Front 32

1494

Back 32

date of French invasion of Italy

Front 33

historiography

Back 33

study of how historians interpret history, and how that reflects their own times

Front 34

Francesco Petrarch

Back 34

pre-eminent humanist who named the 'dark ages' and 'renaissance'

Front 35

Jakob Burckhardt

Back 35

19th century historian who wrote 1st history of the Renaissance

Front 36

'Dark Ages'

Back 36

how Italian humanists like Petrarch referred to the Middle Ages

Front 37

humanism

Back 37

Renaissance movement that valued Greco-Roman classics, education, critical scholarship, and vernacular

Front 38

'cult of the classics'

Back 38

undiscriminating adoration of Petrarch types for classical literature

Front 39

liberal arts

Back 39

education principle--'education worthy of a free man'--that included grammar, ethics, rhetoric, history, etc.

Front 40

Valla's On the False Donation of Constantine

Back 40

masterpiece of critical scholarship that proved 8th century gift of land to the Church was a forgery

Front 41

Boccaccio's Decameron

Back 41

earthy satirical tales of 14th c. Italy, heavy on Greco-Roman mythology

Front 42

Castiglione's Book of the Courtier

Back 42

essential humanist work on education

Front 43

individualism

Back 43

Renaissance intellectual trends that included an interest in the study of man (Leonardo), virtu, and the power of man (Pico)

Front 44

critical scholarship

Back 44

close analysis of text common to Renaissance humanists

Front 45

Pico's On the Dignity of Man

Back 45

humanist essay that suggests man is part angel part slug, with the unique power to choose his destiny

Front 46

virtu

Back 46

Renaissance ideal of man--celebrating what talent, ambition, determination can achieve--

Front 47

secularism

Back 47

Renaissance interest in things not religious

Front 48

Valla On Pleasure

Back 48

Renaissance essay on achieving the good life by following the ancients not necessarily the Church

Front 49

Julius II

Back 49

Renaissance pope who commissioned Michaelangelo etc

Front 50

quattrocento

Back 50

15th century / 1400's period of Florentine domination of Renaissance culture

Front 51

cinquecento

Back 51

16th century /1500's period of Rome's domination of Renaissance culture

Front 52

High Renaissance

Back 52

high point of Renaissance culture between 1450 and 1527, dominated mostly by Rome

Front 53

Leonardo

Back 53

Renaissance painter and inventor, painter of Mona Lisa, Last Supper, Madonna of the rocks, etc etc

Front 54

Raphael

Back 54

painter of School of Athens

Front 55

Michaelangelo

Back 55

Renaissance painter/sculpture

Front 56

Donatello

Back 56

Renaissance sculptor who produced David, Mary Magdalen

Front 57

perspective

Back 57

use of geometry, etc. that uses linear perspective to create illusion of 3D on a 2-dimensional surface

Front 58

vanishing point

Back 58

linear effect of perspective: illusion of depth achieved as lines recede in distance, seeming to converge at this single point

Front 59

chiaroscuro

Back 59

use of dark and light to create illusion of depth

Front 60

pyramid configuration

Back 60

portrait and groups placed on a pyramid rather than a horizontal grid, to create illusion of depth

Front 61

contrapossto

Back 61

subject's weight on one foot/leg gives illusion of dynamism or relaxation,

Front 62

sfumato

Back 62

blurring or softening of sharp outlines by subtle blending of tone, to achieve illusion of depth

Front 63

Botticelli

Back 63

Renaissance artist who used classical themes, contrapossto--most famous work Birth of Venus

Front 64

Renaissance man

Back 64

Renaissance ideal of the individual who excels in a variety of disciplines--e.g. Leonardo, Castiglione's Courtier

Front 65

Titian

Back 65

Renaissance artist who used rich color & movement

Front 66

Castiglione's Book of the Courtier

Back 66

quintessential humanist work on education, loiberal arts, the 'Renaissance man'

Front 67

Laura Cereta

Back 67

Renaissance noblewoman whose writings suggest limited opportunities for such women in the renaissance

Front 68

Machiavelli's The Prince

Back 68

humanist work on politics--a 'manual' for successful princes advising amorality

Front 69

movable type

Back 69

15th century development that made printing possible

Front 70

Gutenberg

Back 70

among the first to use movable type--produced 1st printed Bible

Front 71

Louis XI

Back 71

French king who used 'mew monarch' techniques to centralize power

Front 72

Henry VII

Back 72

English king who used 'mew monarch' techniques to centralize power

Front 73

Ferdinand of Aragon

Back 73

Spanish king who used 'mew monarch' techniques to centralize power

Front 74

new monarchs

Back 74

15th-16th century monarchs who centralized royal power by subduing nobles & Church

Front 75

LOW COUNTRIES

Back 75

REGION NE OF FRANCE, CALLED SPANISH NETHERLANDS IN 16TH CENTURY

Front 76

NORTHERN HUMANISTS

Back 76

HUMANISTS IN ENGLAND & LOW COUNTRIES WITH A GREATER RELIGIOUS & SOCIAL ORIENTATION THAN ITALIAN HUMANISTS

Front 77

THOMAS MORE

Back 77

ENGLISH HUMANIST WHO WROTE UTOPIA, SAW PROPERTY NOT SIN AS ROOT OF SOCIAL ILLS

Front 78

UTOPIA

Back 78

16TH CENTURY 'SOCIALIST' NOVEL BY MORE

Front 79

ERASMUS

Back 79

DUTCH HUMANIST WHO CRITICIZED PRE-LUTHER CHURCH

Front 80

EDUCATION OF A CHRISTIAN PRINCE

Back 80

ERASMUS WORK ON EDUCATION

Front 81

IN PRAISE OF FOLLY

Back 81

SATIRICAL HUMANIST WORK BY ERASMUS

Front 82

RABELAIS

Back 82

FRENCH HUMANIST WHO WROTE GARGANTUA AND PANTAGRUEL

Front 83

GARGANUA/ PANTAGRUEL

Back 83

BAWDY SATIRICAL WORKS BY RABELAIS

Front 84

MONTAIGNE

Back 84

FRENCH ESSAYIST AND SKEPTIC

Front 85

SKEPTICISM

Back 85

PHILOSOPHICAL POSITION OF MONTAIGNE ETAL THAT TRUTH CANNOT BE KNOWN FOR CERTAIN, SO TOLERANCE MADE SENSE

Front 86

LEFEBVRE

Back 86

FRENCH HUMANIST WHO PROMOTED BIBLE VERNACULAR

Front 87

FLEMISH STYLE

Back 87

ANOTHER NAME FOR NORTHERN RENAISSANCE ART

Front 88

VON EYCK

Back 88

16TH CENTURY GERMAN OIL PAINTER WHO FOCUSED ON DETAIL, RELIGIOUS SYMBOLISM

Front 89

BOSCH

Back 89

16TH CENTURY DUTCH PAINTER OF SYMBOLISM & FANTASY, POST-BLACK DEATH MORBIDITY

Front 90

BRUEGHEL

Back 90

FLEMISH PAINTER OF THE 16TH CENTURY LIVES OF THE ORDINARY

Front 91

HOLBEIN

Back 91

16TH CENTURY GERMAN PORTRAIT PAINTER