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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Catabolism
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breakdown of a substance which results in energy
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What is the opposite of catabolism?
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Anabolism
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Anabolism
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construction of more complex compounds from simpler compunds-this process needs energy(ATP) to drive it
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3 steps in energy production
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hydrolysis-glycolysis-aerobic respiration
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What are some examples of anabolic reactions?
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tissue replacement, growth, development
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Hydrolysis
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-The initial step in making energy
-It is a reaction where ATP loses a phosphate radical(energy) and becomes ADP |
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Carbs are broken down into..?
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monosaccharides
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Fats are broken down into...?
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fatty acids and glycerol
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proteins are broken down into..?
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amino acids
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Nucleotides are broken down into...?
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nucleic acids
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Aeorobic respiration
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-final stage of cellular metabolism
-requires oxygen -where ATP is replenished by phosphorylating ADP back to ATP |
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When ATP loses a phosphate radical, ___ occurs.
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Hydrolysis
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When phosphate bonds in ATP are broken, ___ is created.
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Energy
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How can glucise enter the cells?
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active transport or facilitated diffusion
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What are 3 carbohydrates?
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sugars, starches, and cellulose
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What is the function of carbs?
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to provide and store energy
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What is the monomer that forms carbs?
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saccharide
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What is the most abundant and most important monosaccharide?
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glucose
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What happens to glucose inside the cell?
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the glucose molecules are either catabolized (broken down) to form ATP, or converted to glycogen or fat.
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Where does glycolysis occur?
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within the cytoplasm of the cell
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Cellular respiration
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-Process of taking in oxygen molecules to produce more ATP (occurs after glycolysis)
-2 stages: 1.Krebs cycle 2.Electron Transfer System |
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Krebs cycle
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1st stage of cellular respiration, where 2 additional ATP and 2 carrier molecules are produced.
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Electron Transfer System
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-2nd stage of cellular respiration
-Where the carrier molecules generated by the Krebs cycle and glycolysis are acted upon to produce another 28 ATP |
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What is the net yield of ATP molecules from 1 glucose molecule in cellular respiration?
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Total is 30
(2 ATP from glycolysis, 2 ATP from Krebs cycle, 28 from Electron TRansport system, less 2 ATP used along the way=30 ATP) |
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What are some functions of proteins?
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-act as carrier molecules
-form structures -aid in cellular communication -act as enzymes |
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Enzymes
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-specialized proteins that are used by cells to initiate reactions
-AKA catalysts-they speed up molecular reactions |
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Where are lipids primarily metabolized?
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In liver cells
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What is the main function of lipids?
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Serve as energy reserves in animal tissues and plant seeds.
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What could alter or cause protein bonds to break?
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exposure to a variation in temperature or pH
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Proteins are composed of what?
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chains of amino acids
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what are the 2 processes in protein catabolsim?
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deamination and transamination
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Deamination
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process of breaking down a protein to produce ATP (ammonia also results which is converted to urine)
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Transamination
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When a protein is changed to form a different amino acid for other proteins
-allows for the production of ketoacids |
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RNA
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molecule that translates gene info in the DNA into proteins
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DNA and RNA shape differences?
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DNA: double helix
RNA: single strand |
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What are the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA?
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C-cytosine
G-guanine A-adenine T-thymine |
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What are the 4 nitrogen bases in RNA?
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C-cytosine
G-guanine A-adenine U-uracil |
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What nitrogen bases are paired together in DNA and RNA?
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C-G
A-T A-U |
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Genes
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-subunits of DNA
-each gene gives info for 1 peptide chain |
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What are the 3 types of RNA cells used in the translation of genes into proteins?
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mRNA-messenger RNA
rRNA-ribosomal RNA tRNA-transfer RNA |
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What are the 2 steps in protein synthesis?
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Transcription and Translation
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What happens to glucose inside the cell?
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the glucose molecules are either catabolized (broken down) to form ATP, or converted to glycogen or fat.
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Glycolysis
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process where energy/ATP is released from the glucose molecule
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Where does glycolysis occur?
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within the cytoplasm of the cell
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During glycolysis, ___ molecule(s) of glucose are used to make ___ molecules of ATP, ___ molecules of NAD, and ___ molecules of pyruvic acid
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1 glucose= 4 ATP, 2 NAD, and 2 pyruvic acid.
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What is the end result of glycolysis? (molecules and #'s)
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2 ATP, 2 NAD, 1 pyruvic acid
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Cellular respiration
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-Process of taking in oxygen molecules to produce more ATP (occurs after glycolysis)
-Occurs in cells with mitochondria that can then react on the pyruvic acid created from glycolysis -There are 2 stages: 1.Krebs cycle and 2.Electron Transfer System |
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Krebs cycle
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1st stage of cellular respiration, where 2 additional ATP and 2 carrier molecules are produced.
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Electron Transfer System
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-2nd stage of cellular respiration
-Where the carrier molecules generated by the Krebs cycle and glycolysis are acted upon to produce another 28 ATP |
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What is the net yield of ATP molecules from 1 glucose molecule in cellular respiration?
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Total is 30
(2 ATP from glycolysis, 2 ATP from Krebs cycle, 28 from Electron TRansport system, less 2 ATP used along the way=30 ATP) |
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Enzymes
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-proteins that are used by cells to initiate reactions
-AKA catalysts-they speed up molecular reactions |
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What are 3 carbohydrates?
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sugars, starches, and cellulose
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What is the function of carbs?
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to provide and store energy
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What is the monomer that forms carbs?
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saccharide
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What are the 3 classifications of carbs?
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monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides (depending on the # of monomers present).
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What is the most abundant and most important monosaccharide?
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glucose
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How can glucose enter the cells?
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active transport or facilitated diffusion
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Once glucose enters the cell, what two things may occur?
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1. the glucose is catabolized to produce ATP
2.converted to glycogen (fat) to store for future use |
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What are the 2 stages of cellular respiration?
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1. Krebs cycle
2. Electron Transfer System |
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Krebs Cycle
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-first stage in cellular respiration
-an additional 2 ATP molecules and 2 carrier molecules are created -this occurs after glycolysis |
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Electron Transfer System
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-2nd stage of cellular repiration
-the carrier created by glycolysis and Krebs cycle are acted upon to create 28 more ATP |
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What is the net # of ATP produced from 1 glucose molecule in cellular respiration?
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30 ATP (32 total created but 2 are used during the process).
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What is the function of lipids?
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They serve as energy reserves in animal tissues.
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Where are lipids primarily metabolized?
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Liver
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How are lipids metabolized?
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Liver cells remove fats from the blood and hydrolyze the molecules so the products can be used in the Krebs cycle.
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What are proteins composed of?
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chains of amino acids linked together by covalent peptide bonds
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What is the structure of amino acids?
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1. central carbon and hydrogen atom
2. amino group 3. carboxyl group 4. variable group aka R group |
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Essential amino acids
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amino acids that cannot be created by the body and must be supplied in the diet
-most species have 10, cats have 11 |
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2 forms of protein catabolism
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1. deamination
2. transamination |
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Deaminiation
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process of breaking down a protein to create ATP/energy
-the amine group is removed from the amino acid-it then enters the Krebs cycle=ATP is formed -also created ammonia which is converted to urea |
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Transamination
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interchange of an anime group to another carbon chain to form a different amino acid
-tjhey become building blocks for other proteins |
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uremia
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when ammonia builds up in the bloodstream
-can be the result of a diseased liver |
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BUN
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blood urea nitrogen
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What controls the synthesis of proteins?
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the genes in DNA
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What are the 5-carbon sugars for DNA vs. RNA?
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DNA: deoxyribose
RNA: ribose |
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What are the nitrogen bases in DNA?
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A-Adenine
T-thymine C-cytosine G-guanine |
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What are the nitrogen bases in RNA?
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A-adenine
U-uracil C-cytosine G-guanine |
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What does T in DNA become in RNA?
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U-uracil
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DNA and RNA are composed of what?
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chains of nucleotides which have a phosphate group, a sugar group, and a nitrogen base.
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How are the nitrogen bases in DNA and RNA paired?
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DNA: T-A C-G
RNA: U-A C-G |
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What are the 2 steps in protein synthesis?
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Transcription and Translation
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Transcription
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-1st step in protein synthesis
-DNA is unwound and the molecule RNA polymerase copies the DNA onto a mRNA |
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Translation
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-2nd and final step in protein synthesis
-mRNA attaches to the ribosome and tells the tRNA what amino acids to attach |
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codon
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base triplets on the mRNA. Amino acids attach to the tRNA with the complimentary anticodon
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A set of 3 base pairs on mRNA is called a ____
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codon
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_____ are the building blocks of proteins.
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amino acids
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The site for protein synthesis in mammalian cells is the ___?
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Ribosome
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Cells use the reactions of ___ to produce energy?
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glycolysis
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____is the chemical reaction where the amine group is removed from the amino acid.
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Deamination
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_____ are substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction and are unchanged by the reaction.
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catalysts
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