A&p2- Test 2 - Set 2

Front 1

T-cells

Back 1

whenactivated, CD4 and CD8 (T cells) differentiate

Front 2

CD4cells primarily become

Back 2

CD4cells primarily become helper T-cells that activate B cells, T cells, andmacrophages and direct the adaptive immune response.

Some CD4 become regulatoryT cells which moderate the immune response.

Front 3

CD8cells become

Back 3

CD8cells become cytotoxic T cells that destroy any cells in the body that harboranything foreign.

Front 4

Allactivated T cells can become

Back 4

All activated T cells can become memory cells.

Front 5

Define humoral immunity.

Back 5

Humoral immunity is the B lymphocyte cell response. They make antibodieswith the primary targets being extracellular pathogens (bacteria, fungi,parasites, and some viruses in extracellular fluid). They make memory cells.

Front 6

Compare and contrast active andpassive humoral immunity.

Back 6

Active humoral immunity is when your body encounters an antigen. Thiscan be naturally or artificially through a vaccine. Passive humoral immunity isfrom a mom to fetus or by administering gamma globulins.

Front 7

Illustrate the structure of anantibody monomer, noting all of its components.

Back 7

Eachantibody consists of four looping polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds. Two heavy chains are identical to each other and 2 light chains areidentical to each other. Light chains are only half as long as heavy chains.Each chain has a variable region at oneend and a constant region at the other. In the variable region the heavy andlight chains combine to form an antigen binding site.

Front 8

Define cell-mediated immunity

Back 8

Whenlymphocytes themselves rather than antibodies defend the body, the immunity is calledcellular or cell-mediated immunity because living cells provide the protection.

Front 9

Cellularimmunity has ______ targets

Back 9

Cellularimmunity has cellular targets – virus infected or parasite infected tissuecells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign graphs. The lymphocytes act againstsuch targets either directly, by killing the infected cells or indirectly, byreleasing chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response or activate otherlymphocytes or macrophages.

Front 10

describe the process of activation and clonalselection of cells

Back 10

Whenan antigen binds to the particular lymphocyte that has a receptor for it, theantigen selects that lymphocyte for further development. This is called clonalselection. Once activated the lymphocyte rapidly proliferates to form an armyof cells all exactly like itself and bearing the same antigen-specificreceptors.

Front 11

Theinnate (nonspecific) defense system

Back 11

The innate (nonspecific) defense system- skin & Mucous membrane

Front 12

Explain the mechanisms of nonspecific resistance

Back 12

Formidablephysical barrier; acid mantle inhibits growth; enzymes- lysozyme, protein digesting enzymes in stomach; defensins; sebum and cidin in eccrinesweat .

Front 13

acidmantle

Back 13

acidityof skin, vaginal and stomach secretions (acid mantle) inhibits growth

Front 14

lysozymefound in saliva, mucus and tears destroys

Back 14

lysozymefound in saliva, mucus and tears destroys bacteria

Front 15

proteindigesting enzymes in stomach kill

Back 15

proteindigesting enzymes in stomach kill many microorganisms

Front 16

mucin

Back 16

mucintraps traps microorganisms

Front 17

defensins

Back 17

defensins– broad spectrum antimicrobial peptides – help control bacterial and fungalcolonization

Front 18

sebumand cidin in eccrine sweat are toxic to

Back 18

sebum and cidin in eccrine sweat are toxic to bacteria.

Front 19

Trace air flow through the respiratorypassageways

Back 19

Nose->nasopharynx->oropharynx->laryngopharynx->larynx ->trachea-> primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi-> bronchioles-> alveoli

Front 20

conductingzone histology

Back 20

cartilagerings are replaced by cartilage plates, which disappear in the bronchioles. Themucosal epithelum thins as it changes from pseudostratified columnar tocolumnar to cuboital in the terminal bronchioles. Cilia are sparse andmucus-producing cells are absent in the bronchioles.

Front 21

Mostairborne debris found at or at below the bronchioles is removed by

Back 21

Most airborne debris found at or at below the bronchioles is removed by macrophages

Front 22

respiratoryzones begin as

Back 22

respiratoryzones begin as the terminal bronchioles feed into the respiratory bronchioleswithin the lung.

Front 23

Alveolisacs are not the same as alveoli. The alveolar sac is

Back 23

Alveolisacs are not the same as alveoli. The alveolar sac is a like a bunch of grapesand alveoli are individual grapes.

Front 24

Alveoliare made up of

Back 24

Alveoli are made up of type 1 squamouscells, cuboidal type 2 cells which release surfactant, fine elastic fibers,alveolar pores which equalize air pressure, and alveolar macrophages

Front 25

Describe the makeup of the respiratory membrane

Back 25

The alveolar and capillary walls andtheir fused basement membranes form the respiratory membrane. Its small, 5 micrometer thick, & readily allows gas exchange through simple diffusion.

Front 26

Describe the gross structure of lungs

Back 26

Each lobe contains pyramid-shaped brochopulmonarysegments separated from each other by connective tissue. The smallest portionof lungs are lobules.

Front 27

Describe the gross structure of the pleurae

Back 27

The pleura forma thin double layeredserosa. The parietal pleura covers the thoracic wall and diaphragm. Thevisceral pleura covers the external lung surface dipping into its fissures. Thepleura produce pleural fluid and the pleural cavity is between them.

Front 28

Explain the steps involved in pulmonaryventilation

Back 28

Diaphragmand external intercostals contract- intrapulmonaryvolume increases -> intrapulmonary pressure drops-> air flows intolungs-> inspiratory muscles relax->thoracic cavity volume decreases-> intrapulmonary pressurerises-> air flows out of lungs.

Front 29

activepumping of the pleural fluid out of the pleural cavity into lymphatics occurscontinuously. This causes

Back 29

activepumping of the pleural fluid out of the pleural cavity into lymphatics occurscontinuously. This causes a negative intrapleural pressure.

Front 30

Anycondition that equalizes theintrapleuralpressure causes ____

Back 30

Any condition that equalizes the intrapleural pressure causes lung collapse

Front 31

Itis the _________- the difference between the intrapulmonary andintrapleural pressures that keeps the air spaces of the lungs open.

Back 31

Itis the transpulmonary pressure- the difference beteween the intrapulmonary andintrapleural pressures that keeps the air spaces of the lungs open.

Front 32

itis the size of the _______ pressure that determines the size of thelungs at any time

Back 32

itis the size of the transpulmonary pressure that determines the size of thelungs at any time– the greater the transpulmonarypressure, the larger the lungs.

Front 33

Analyzeinformation that can be gained from pulmonary function tests.

Back 33

itcan distinguish between obstructive pulmonary disease involving airwayresistance (such as chronic bronchitis) and restrictive disorders involving areduction in total lung capacity resulting from structural or functional changesin the lungs (due to such diseases as tuberculosis or fibrosis from abstesos).

Front 34

Increasesin TLC, FRC, and RV may occur as a result of hyperinflation of the lungs in

Back 34

Increasesin TLC, FRC, and RV may occur as a result of hyperinflation of the lungs inobstructive disease (chronic bronchitis).

Front 35

VC,TLC, FRC and RV are reduced in

Back 35

VC, TLC, FRC and RV are reduced in restrictivediseases which limit lung expansion – tuberculosis & fibrosis.