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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The lymphatic trunks connect to which vessels?
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The large veins in the thorax or lymphatic ducts which connect to large veins.
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Which capillary is the most permeable?
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Lymphatic capillary
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Which duct is the largest lymphatic vessel?
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The thoracic duct
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The lymphatic nodule contains which type of cells?
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Dense T cells and B cells
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Which organs is considered the largest in the lyphatic system?
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The spleen.
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What is the function of the red pulp?
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The ability to dispose off worn-out blood.
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What is the fuction of the white pulp?
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Serves the immune function.
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What does the thymus secrete?
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Thymosin and thymopoietin
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What are the activating factors for the complement cascade?
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Factors B, D and P (properdin); foreign substances; and antigen-antibody complex
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Where do the B cells mature?
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The red bone marrow.
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Where do the pre T cells mature?
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The thymus.
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What is the secondary lymphatic organ?
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The lymph nodule
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Where is the antigen presenting cell expressed?
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On the MCH-II
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Which cells can express the antigen presenting cell?
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Microphages, dendritic cells, and B cells.
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Why is the antigen-binding site different from the rest of the other components?
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The site is variable and changes.
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Which responce is greatly larger?
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The secondary responce; it consits mostly of IgG antibodies.
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What form of immunity is given to a patient injected with serum from a horse?
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Passive artificial immunity
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What must occur to prevent food from going into the trachea and force it down the esophagus?
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The epiglottis must fold over
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What controls the movement of the vocal folds?
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The arytenoid cartilage
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What does the aveolar cell secrete?
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It secretes surfactants
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The tertiary bronchus feeds to which segments?
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The broncho-pulmonary segments.
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How many lobes are in the right and left lung?
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Right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two lobes.
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What are the muscles of inspiration?
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Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, and external intercostals.
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Which muscle is the most important for inspiration?
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The diaphragm, it is responsible for 75% of the air.
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What form of respiration occurs when gas exchanges between the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli?
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External respiration
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What happens when the partial pressure of oxygen drops below 20mmHg?
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The hemoglobin releases over 70% of its oxygen.
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What happens when hemoglobin starts to release oxygen?
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Its quaternary structure changes, which encourages the release of more oxygen.
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What cells are bags of hemoglobin?
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The red blood cells.
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What happens when increased oxygen is release to tissues?
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The curve shifts to right as pH drops, CO2 rises, and temperature rises.
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What is peristalsis?
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Is the wave of relaxation and contraction.
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Which tooth is responsible to ripping food?
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The canine or cuspid.
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What are the functions of the small intestine?
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Secretes mucous, chemical digestion, and water reabsorption.
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Where do the exocrine secretions enter?
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At the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
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Where is bicarbonate ion produced?
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In the intercalated duct cell or parital cell.
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What does the intercalated duct cells produce?
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An aqueous component of pancreatic juice.
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What cell produces enzymatic component of pancreatic juice?
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The acinar cell
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What is function for the appendix?
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It has no digestive function.
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Where do the carbohydrates (monosachrides) and the protiens (amino acids) enter the circulation?
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They enter through the villus or villi.
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Where do lipids (micelle) enter the circulatory system?
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It enters as chylomicron through lacteal vessel (from the lymphatic system).
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What are vitamins?
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They are small organic molecules that function as part of enzymes (coenzymes).
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What are the functions of minerals?
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They establish resting membrane potentials, generate action potentials, add strength to bone and teeth, buffers, involved in osmotic balance.
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What occurs during strenous excersice?
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It shunts the glucose oxidation pathway, known as anarobic respiration.
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Where does the cytric acid cycle and aerobic respiration occur?
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In the mitochondrial matrix.
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What does liver convert the fatty acids into?
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To ketone bodies for the brain, when glucose is limited or low.
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What are the steps for amino acids to be oxdized as fuel?
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The amine group must be removed; alpa ketoglutaric acid must be regenerated; ammonia must be converted to urea.
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What form of heat exchange occurs when placing a patient with heat exhaustion into a tub of cool water?
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Conduction
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Where does the lymph enter the blood circulation?
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Right subclavian trunk; left subclavian trunk
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Identify the green structure.
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Lymphatic vessel.
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Identify A and B
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A. the right lymphatic duct
B. the thoracic duct |
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Identify A and B
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A. Right lymphatic duct
B. Thoracic (left lymphatic) duct |
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Identify slide
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Lymphatic nodule
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Identify A, B, and C
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A. Pharyngeal tonsil
B. Palatine tonsil C. Lingual tonsil |
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Identify figure
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Lymphatic nodule
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Identify figure
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Left side: white pulp
Right side: red pulp |
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Identify figure
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Thymus
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Identify figure
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Thymus
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Identify figure
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Antigen Determinants
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Which number express the APC?
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five; the MHC-II
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Identify the arrow
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Antigen binding site
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Identify A and B
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A. IgG (secondary responce)
B. IgM (primary responce) |
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Identify A, B, and C
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A. Microphage
B. Helper T cell C. Innate immunity |
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Identify A, B, and C
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A. Helper T cell
B. B cell C. Adaptive Immunity |
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Identify the nasopharynx and the trachea.
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A. Nasopharynx
E. Trachea |
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Identify figure
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Arytenoid Cartilage
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Identify A, B, C, and D
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A. Primary bronchus
B. Secondary Bronchus C. Tertiary Bronchus D. Bronchiole |
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Identify A and B
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A. Conducting Zone
B. Respiratory Zone |
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Identify A and B
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A. Alveolar cell
B. Alveolar macrophage |
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Identify A
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Tertiary bronchi to bronchopulmonary segments
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Identify A, B, and C
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A. Sternocleidomastoid
B. Scalenes C. External intercostals |
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Identify figure
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External respiration
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Identify A
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Curve shift to right, pH drops, CO2 rises, and temperature rises
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Identify figure
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Peristalsis
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Identify A and B
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A. Canine
B. Third Molar |
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Identify figure
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Stomach
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Idenify figure
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Gastric phase
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Identify arrow
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Hepatopancreatic papilla
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Identify figure
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Small intestine
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Identify figure
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Small intestine
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Identify A, B, C, and D
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A. Liver cross section
B. Blood to vena cava C. Blood from digestive tract D. Blood from heart |
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Identify A, B, and C
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A. Accessory pancreatic duct
B. Minor duodenal papilla C. Major duodenal papilla |
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Identify A, B, and C
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A. pancreatic juices
B. Acinar cell C. Biocarbonate ion |
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Identify A, B, C, and D
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A. Cecum
B. Colon C. Rectum D. Anal canal |
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Identify A, B, C, and D
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A. Cecum
B. Colon C. Rectum D. Anal canal |
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Identify figure
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Carbohydrate entering through villus
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Identify figure
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Protein entering through villus
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Identify figure
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Lipid entering as chylomicron
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Identify A and B
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A. LDL cholesterol
B. HDL cholesterol |
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Identify arrow
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Anarobic respiration
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Identify arrows
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Amino acid metabolism
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Identify A and B
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A. High blood glucose
B. Low blood glucose |
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Identify figure
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Post absorptive state
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