Ap2, Chapter 29, Development & Inheritance

Front 1

Spermatozoa cannot perform ___ until they have been exposed to conditions in the female reproductive tract

Back 1

fertilization

Front 2

Fertilization typically occurs near the junction between __ & ___, generally within a day after ovulation.

Back 2

the ampulla and isthmus of the uterine tube

Front 3

Fertilization by more than one sperm

Back 3

polyspermy

Front 4

Creates a zygote that is incapable of normal development

Back 4

Polyspermy

Front 5

Trimester: The period of embryological and early fetal development.

Back 5

The first trimester

Front 6

Trimester: During this period, the rudiments of all the major organ systems appear

Back 6

The first trimester

Front 7

Trimester of development of organs and organ systems; nears completion by the end of the sixth month.

Back 7

The second trimester

Front 8

by the end of this trimester, the fetus looks distinctively human; body proportions change

Back 8

The second trimester

Front 9

Trimester characterized by rapid fetal growth and deposition of adipose tissue.

Back 9

The third trimester

Front 10

Trimester when most of the major organ systems become fully functional

Back 10

Early in the third trimester

Front 11

Sequence of cell divisions: Begins immediately after fertil. & ends at contact with the uterine wall

Back 11

Cleavage

Front 12

Begins with the attachment of blastocyst to endometrium.

Back 12

Implantation

Front 13

The first cleavage produces a pre-embryo consisting of two identical cells.

Back 13

Blastomeres (Days 1-2)

Front 14

Identical cells produced by cleavage divisions are called ____

Back 14

blastomeres

Front 15

After three days of cleavage, the pre-embryo is a solid ball of cells resembling a mulberry.

Back 15

Morula (mulberry) (Days 3-4)

Front 16

The morula typically reaches the uterus on day ___

Back 16

4

Front 17

Over the next two days, the blastomeres form a ____

Back 17

Blastocyst (Days 5- 6)

Front 18

A hollow ball with an inner cavity

Back 18

Blastocoele

Front 19

They lie clustered at one end of the blastocyst.

Back 19

The inner cell mass

Front 20

These cells are exposed to the blastocoele, but are insulated from contact by the trophoblast.

Back 20

The inner cell mass

Front 21

In time, the inner cell mass will form the ____

Back 21

embryo

Front 22

The syncytial trophoblast erodes a path through the uterine epithelium by secreting _____

Back 22

hyaluronidase.

Front 23

Implantation: ___ extensions grow around endometrial capillaries

Back 23

Trophoblastic

Front 24

Implantation: maternal blood begins to percolate through trophoblastic channels known as _____.

Back 24

lacunae

Front 25

When is the Amniotic Cavity formed?

Back 25

(Days 10-12)

Front 26

The trophoblast will later separate from the amniotic cavity by layers of cells that line the amniotic cavity called ____

Back 26

The amnion

Front 27

Cells in specific areas of the surface move toward a central line known as the primitive streak.

Back 27

Gastrulation

Front 28

Blood vessels soon appear within the mesoderm, and the yolk sac becomes an important site of __ __ ___

Back 28

blood cell formation

Front 29

surrounds and cushions the developing embryo or fetus in the ammniotic cavity

Back 29

Amniotic fluid

Front 30

Sac of endoderm and mesoderm; the base of which later gives rise to the urinary bladder

Back 30

the allantois

Front 31

3rd week of development; the mesoderm extends along the core of each trophoblastic villus, forming ___ ___.

Back 31

chorionic villi

Front 32

Blood flows thru chorionic vessels early in the ___ week of development

Back 32

third

Front 33

Hormones are synthesized by the ___ ___ and released into the maternal bloodstream

Back 33

syncytial trophoblast

Front 34

The hormones produced include:

Back 34

1.Human chorionic gonadotropin
2.Human placental lactogen
3.Placental prolactin

Front 35

The hormones produced include:
-----continued-----

Back 35

4.Relaxin
5.Progesterone
6.Estrogens

Front 36

Hormone appearing in the maternal bloodstream soon after implantation has occurred.

Back 36

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Front 37

The presence of hCG in blood or urine samples provides a reliable indication of ____

Back 37

pregnancy

Front 38

Hormone secreted by the placenta, as well as by the corpus luteum, during pregnancy.

Back 38

Relaxin

Front 39

Increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis, permitting the pelvis to expand during delivery

Back 39

Relaxin

Front 40

Causes the dilation of the cervix, making it easier for the fetus to enter the vaginal canal

Back 40

Relaxin

Front 41

Suppresses the release of oxytocin by the hypothalamus and delays the onset of labor contractions

Back 41

Relaxin

Front 42

2nd-3rd Trimester: Major changes that occur in maternal systems are:
(resp & blood)

Back 42

-The Maternal RR and Tidal Volume Increases.
-The Maternal Blood Volume Increases

Front 43

2nd-3rd Trimester: Major changes that occur in maternal systems are:
(nut. & kidneys)

Back 43

-Maternal Requirements for Nut. & Vit. climb 10-30%
-Maternal GFR Increases by roughly 50%

Front 44

____has an inhibitory effect on the uter. smooth muscle, preventing more extensive & more powerful contractions

Back 44

Progesterone, released by the placenta

Front 45

1st Stage of Labor

Back 45

The Dilation Stage

Front 46

Stage of labor that continues until the fetus has emerged from the vagina.

Back 46

The Expulsion Stage

Front 47

APGAR: A score of ___ is considered normal, while ___ might require some resuscitative measures

Back 47

7-10

4-7

Front 48

a baby with apgars of ______ requires immediate resuscitation.

Back 48

3 and below

Front 49

Effects of aging:

Back 49

1-loss of elasticity in skin
2-reducion pro./sec. hormones
3-red. sensitivity immune sys
4-red. lung elasticity

Front 50

Every somatic cell contains ___ pairs of chromosomes

Back 50

23

Front 51

The two members of each pair ( from Mom & Dad)

Back 51

Homologous chromosomes

Front 52

Twenty-two of those pairs are called ___ chromosomes.

Back 52

autosomal

Front 53

The autosomal chromosomes affect __ characteristics, such as hair color and skin pigmentation

Back 53

somatic

Front 54

The various form of any gene

Back 54

Alleles

Front 55

If the 2 chromosomes of a __ pair carry the same allele, you are homozygous for the trait affected by that gene.

Back 55

homologous

Front 56

When you have two different alleles of the same gene, you are ___ for the trait determined by that gene.

Back 56

heterozygous