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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mediastinum
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a tissue layer extending fro the sternum to the vertebral column and btw the pleura
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Apex
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Point of the heart. Sits on the diaphragm
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Base
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Broad portion of the heart
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Pericardium
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A double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the great vessels.
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Covering of Pericarium
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Fibrous pericardium (outer layer)
Serous Pericardium outer=parietal layer inner-visceral layer (epicardium) |
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pericardial cavity
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space btw parietal serous & visceral serous periardium
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pericardial fluid
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normal fluid in the pericardial cavity
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epicardium
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visceral layer of serous pericardium
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Aorta
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ascending, arch, descending, thoracic, abdominal
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Pulmonary Trunk
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begins at the base of the right ventricle. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right). which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung.
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Pulmonary Arteries
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branch off the pulmonary trunk and delivers deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung.
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Pulmonary Veins
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carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart (qty-4). The only veins that carry oxygenated (red) blood.
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Coronary Sinus
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located between the left atrium and ventricle on the posterior surface of the heart.Return of venous blood supply of the heart (myocardium) that carries de-oxygenated blood with CO2 and waste to the right atrium
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Coronary Sulcus
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external groove that separates the atria & ventricles.
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Right Atrium
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Receives de-oxygenated blood from:
-SVC -IVC -Coronary Sinus |
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Right Ventricle
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Receives blood from R. Atrium (through Tricuspid Valve) & sends it into the pulmonary trunk.
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Left Atrium
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(heart base) receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins
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Left Ventricle
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(apex)receives blood from the left atrium and sends it into the ascending aorta (->body)
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Which Ventricle is thicker
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Left, bc of high systemic pressure and more work needed to pump blood to extremeties; more than is needed to overcome the pulmonic pressure presented on the rt side.
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Semilunar Valves
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Rt Semilunar=Pulmonary Valve
Lt Semilunar=Aortic Valve |
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AV Valves
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Rt=Tricuspid Valve
Lt=Mitral Valve=Bicuspid Valve |
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Chordae Tendinae
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tendonlike cords connected to and prevent the valves from being pushed up into the atria on ventricular contractions
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Papillary Muscles
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Muscles attached to the ventricular wall and Chordae tendinae to prevent the AV valves from everting (insufficiency) and causing blood flow regurgitation.
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Regurgitation/Insufficiency
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backflow of blood through any of the valves (turnstyle doesn't lock)
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Prolapse mitral valve
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When the left ventricle contracts, the valve's leaflets bulge (prolapse) upward or back into the atrium. Mitral valve prolapse sometimes leads to blood leaking backward into the left atrium, a condition called mitral valve regurgitation.
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LCA divides into:
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Circumflex artery (in coronary sulcus btw
L Atrium & L Ventricle) LAD (or Anterior interventricular branch; anterior area of the interventricular septum) |
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RCA divides into:
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Marginal artery-runs down right ventrical
Posterior Ventricular Artery (rt & Lt ventricles; posterior area of the interventricular septum) |
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1st Heart sound
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S1=AV valve closure after the START of ventricular systole
S!=Mitral=Tricuspid |
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2nd HS
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S2=Semilunar valve closure at the END of Ventricular systole
S2=Aortic(A2) & Pulmonic(P2) |
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Auscultation of the Heart
-Aortic Area |
= 2nd rt intercostal space close to the sternum
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Auscultation of the Heart
-Pulmonic Area |
= 2nd Lt intercostal space close to the sternum
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Auscultation of the Heart
-Tricuspid Area |
= 5th left intercostal space close to the sternum
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Auscultation of the Heart
-Mitral (apical) Area |
5th left intercostal space just medial to the midclavicular line
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Systole
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=phase of heart/chamber contraction
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Diastole
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-phase of heart/chamber relaxation
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SA Node
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"pacemaker" of the heart. Located in the right atrium of the heart, and thus the generator of sinus rhythm. It is a group of cells positioned on the wall of the right atrium, near the entrance of the superior vena cava.
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HR at rest
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75 beats / minute
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AV Node
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An area of specialized tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the heart, which conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles.
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ECG
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=recording of heart electrical changes
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P wave
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=indicates atrial depolarization
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QRS
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=ventricular depolarization
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T wave
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=ventricular repolarization
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CO
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HR x SV
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Ave CO
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5 L/min
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Stoke Volume
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What blood is actually pumped from the left ventricle. Not all the blood in there actually gets pumped out.
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Ave HR
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75 beats/min
<60=Bradycardia >100=Tachycardia |
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Ave SA node firing
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90-100
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Stroke Volume regulated by:
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1.Preload "the Stretch" of the ventricle
2.Contractility-force of contraction 3.Afterload-pressure req'd to eject the bl from the ventricles |
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Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
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incr in the size of the lt ventricular myocardial wall (overall) due to incr resistance/pressure.
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CAD
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reduced blood flow to the heart t/t narrowed coronary arteries
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Ischemia
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=reduced O2 supply to the heart muscle cells. THIS IS REVERSIBLE
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Arrhythmia & dysrhythmia
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irregular heart rhythm ie heart block, AV block
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Atrial flutter
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Atrial rhythm-super high HR
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Atrial fibrillation
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"uncoordinated" contractions causing an irregular fast heart beat w/ loss of pumping action
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Ventricular fibrillation
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dysfunctional contractions-->ineffective-->circulatory failure-->DEATH
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Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
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by-pass at aorta & pulmonary trunk remains open after birth. When ligametum arteriosum doesn't close. Allows deoxyg. bl into aorta
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Atrio Septal Defect (ASD)
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Defect w/ an opening btw atria. Most common is Patent Foramen Ovale
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Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
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Defect w/ opening btw ventricles
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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1. Overriding aorta
2. Pulmonary stenosis 3. Rt. Ventricular Hypertrophy 4. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) |
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Fetal Circulation
1. Umbilical Vein (left) |
Circulation after Birth
1. Ligamentum teres of the Liver |
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Fetal Circulation
2.Ductus Venosus |
Circulation after Birth
2. Ligamentum venosum |
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Fetal Circulation
3. Foramen Ovale |
Circulation after Birth
3. Fossa Ovale |
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Fetal Circulation
4. Ductus arteriousus |
Circulation after Birth
4. Ligamentum arteriosum |
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Fetal Circulation
5. Umbilical Arteries |
Circulation after Birth
5. Medial umbilical ligaments |
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Fetal Circulation:
1. Umbilical vein 2. Ductus venosus 3. Foramen Ovale 4. Ductus Arteriousus 5 Umbilical arteries |
Circulation after Birth
1. Ligamentum teres of the liver 2. Ligamentum venosum 3. Fossa ovale 4. Ligamentum arteriousum 5. Medial umbilical ligaments. |
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Ductus arteriosus
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in fetal circulation, shunt that takes blood from pulm artery directly to aorta, to bypass lungs
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Foramen Ovale
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in fetal circulation, shunt from rt ventricle straight through to left ventricle, to avoid going to rt ventricle to lungs.
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Ductus venosus
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in fetal circulation, shunt that bypasses liver and goes into inferior vena cava. Mother's liver is doing the detoxifying so infant doesn't use liver at this pt.
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Coarctation of the aorta
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commonly in thearea of the ductus arteriosus
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