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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name four products that are transported by blood:
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dissolved gases,
nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes |
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Blood also Regulates __ and ___ composition in interstitial fluids
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pH & ion
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Blood Defends the body against _____ & ______
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toxins and pathogens
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Blood is a fluid connective tissue with a matrix called
______ |
Plasma
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Name three types of formed elements that exist in blood
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Red Blood Cells,
White Blood Cells, Platelets, (cell fragments also) |
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Together, the plasma and the formed elements constitute _____ ______
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whole blood
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The components of whole blood can be _________, or separated, for analytical or clinical purposes.
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fractionated
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Blood volume in liters can be estimated (male/female) by calculating __ percent of the body weight in kilograms
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7
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Fresh whole blood is generally collected from a superficial vein, such as the ___ ___ vein on the anterior surface of the elbow
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median cubital
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An ___ ___, can be used for checking the efficiency of gas exchange at the lungs.
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arterial puncture or "stick"
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Constitutes roughly 60 percent of the plasma proteins
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albumin
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The most abundant plasma proteins, they are major contributors to the osmotic pressure of plasma
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albumin
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Antibodies that attack foreign proteins and pathogens
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globulins
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Functions in clotting.
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Fibrinogen
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In other words: ____ minus _____= Serum
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Plasma, Fibrinogen
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The percentage of whole blood occupied by cellular elements
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The hematocrit
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The normal hematocrit in adult males averages
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46 (range: 40-54)
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The normal hematocrit for adult females
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42 (range: 37-47)
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circulating mammalian RBCs cannot divide or synthesize structural proteins or enzymes. Why ?
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Because they lack nuclei and ribosomes
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RBCs cannot perform repairs. Their life span is relatively short-normally less than ___ days.
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120
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The Hb molecule has two alpha chains and two beta chains of ___ ; forming 4 Hemes
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polypeptides
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Each Hb chain is a ___ ___ ___ that resembles the myoglobin in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.
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globular protein subunit
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Like myoglobin, each Hb chain contains a single molecule of ___ , a pigment complex.
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heme
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Normal activity levels can be sustained only when tissue ___ levels are kept within normal limits
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oxygen
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What is the condition of anemia ?
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If the hematocrit is low or the Hb content of the RBCs is reduced
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Each heme unit is stripped of its iron and converted to ____
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biliverdin
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An organic blood compound with a green color.
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biliverdin
(Bad bruises commonly develop a green tint due to biliverdin formation in the blood-filled tissues |
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Biliverdin is converted to ____
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bilirubin
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What is erythropoiesis ?
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The Production/formation of Red blood cells
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Where does erythopoisis occur ?
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only in red bone marrow, or myeloid tissue (myelos , marrow).
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This tissue is located in portions of the vertebrae, sternum, ribs, skull, scapulae, pelvis, and proximal limb bones
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red bone marrow, or myeloid tissue (myelos , marrow).
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After roughly four days of differentiation, the __, now called a normoblast, sheds its nucleus and becomes a __.
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erythroblast, reticulocyte
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If vitamin B12 is not obtained from the diet, normal stem cell divisions cannot occur resuling in ?
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pernicious anemia
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pernicious anemia is caused by ____,_____, or _____
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-Vitamin deficiency
-Intrinsic prod. problem -Vitamin absorption bound to intrinsic factor |
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What is erythropoietin ?
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EPO or erythropoiesis-stimulating hormone
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EPO is a glycoprotein that appears in the plasma when peripheral tissues are exposed to __ ___ ______
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low oxygen concentrations
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What are EPO's two major effects ?
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-stimulates cell div. rates in e.blasts & stem cells that produce e.blasts
-Speeds maturation of RBCs |
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Your ____ ___ is a classification determined by the presence or absence of specific surface antigens in the RBC cell membranes.
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blood type
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Type __ blood contains anti-B antibodies, which will attack Type B surface antigens.
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A
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If you have Type __ blood, your plasma contains anti-A antibodies.
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B
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Type __ blood have neither A nor B surface antigens, The plasma contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
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O
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Type __ blood has both A and B surface antigens, and the plasma does not contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies.
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AB
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Changes in blood volume have direct effects on ___ ___ ___
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other body systems
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Define: hypovolemic, normovolemic, & hypervolemic
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low, normal, and excessive blood volumes, respectively
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Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes contribute to the body's _______ _____.
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nonspecific defenses
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What WBCs are responsible for specific defenses.
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Lymphocytes
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Fifty to seventy percent of the circulating WBCs are ______ (most common).
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neutrophils
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sensitive to circulating allergens, ____ increase in number during allergic reactions
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eosinophils
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The granules contain histamine, which dilates blood vessels, and heparin, a compound that prevents blood from clotting
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Basophils
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enhances the local inflammation initiated by mast cells
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Basophils
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Stem cells responsible for the production of WBCs originate in __ __, with the divisions of _________
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bone marrow
hemocytoblasts |
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Stimulates the production of monocytes
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M-CSF
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Stimulates the production of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
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G-CSF
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What is thrombocytopoiesis & where does it occur ?
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Platelet production, occurs in the bone marrow
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A mature megakaryocyte gradually loses all of its ___, producing about 4000 _____ before the nucleus is engulfed by phagocytes and broken down for recycling.
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cytoplasm
platelets |
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Coagulation involves steps leading to the conversion of circulating fibrinogen into the insoluble protein ______
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fibrin
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The __ pathway begins with the release of Factor III, also known as tissue factor (TF), by damaged endothelial cells or peripheral tissues.
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extrinsic
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The extrinsic pathway begins _______ the bloodstream.
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outside
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The __ pathway begins with the activation of proenzymes (usually Factor XII) exposed to collagen fibers at the injury site (or a glass surface on a slide or collection tube).
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intrinsic
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The intrinsic pathway begins ____ the bloodstream
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inside
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A drifting blood clot, an abnormal mass within the bloodstream
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embolus (plug)
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The blockage caused by the abnormal mass within the blood stream
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Embolism
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The tissue damage caused by circulatory interruption
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an infarct
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Infarct within the brain
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Stroke, or CVA (cerebral-vascular accident)
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Infarct at the heart
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Myocardial infaction (MI) or heart attack
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What is a thrombus ?
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blood clot attached to a vessel wall, begins to form when platelets stick to the wall of an intact blood vessel
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platelets are attracted to areas called ____, where endothelial and smooth muscle cells contain large quantities of lipids
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plaques
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Adequate amounts of ___ must be present for the liver to be able to synthesize four of the clotting factors, including prothrombin.
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vitamin K
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Clot gradually dissolves through action of ______
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plasmin
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Plasmin is an activated form of _______, which digests the fibrin strand and erodes the foundation of clot.
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plasminogen
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