Ap2, Chap 18, Endocrine System

Front 1

Intracellular Communication:
Direct communication is transmitted through ____ _____ .

Back 1

gap junctions

Front 2

Intracellular Communication:
Paracrine communication is transimmed via ____ ____ . It is limited to ____ _____ .
Ex: Prostaglandins

Back 2

extracellular fluid

Local area

Front 3

The compounds ____ ____ & ____ have similar structures, are sometimes called catecholamines.

Back 3

epinephrine (E) norepinephrine (NE)
and dopamine

Front 4

compose of chains of amino acids & are structurally similar to amino acids.

Back 4

Peptide hormones

Front 5

The presence or absence of a hormone can affect the ____ & ____ of hormone receptor proteins in the cell membrane.

Back 5

nature and number

Front 6

a process in which the presence of a hormone triggers a decrease in the number of hormone receptors.

Back 6

Down-regulation

Front 7

More Hormone, less receptors available and vice versa.

Back 7

Down-regulation

Front 8

The link between the first messenger and the second messenger generally involves a ____ ____.

Back 8

G protein

Front 9

An enzyme complex coupled to a membrane receptor

Back 9

G protein

Front 10

Steroid hormones diffuse across the ___ part of the cell membrane and bind to ____ ____ in the cytoplasm or nucleus.

Back 10

lipid

intracellular receptors

Front 11

the highest level of endocrine control, (and most complex endocrine response)

Back 11

The hypothalamus

Front 12

integrates the activities of the nervous and endocrine systems

Back 12

The hypothalamus

Front 13

Two classes of hypothalamic regulatory hormones exist:

Back 13

(1) Releasing hormones
(2) Inhibiting hormones

Front 14

stimulates the synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones at the anterior lobe

Back 14

releasing hormone ( RH )

Front 15

prevents the synthesis and secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe.

Back 15

inhibiting hormone ( IH )

Front 16

Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei manufacture ____ & ____

Back 16

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

and oxytocin

Front 17

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Back 17

neurohypophysis

Front 18

Antidiuretic Hormone:
A rise in the ___ ____ stimulates the secretory neurons directly.

Back 18

electrolyte concentration

Front 19

Antidiuretic Hormone:
Because secretory neurons respond to a change in the ____ ____ of body fluids, these neurons are called

Back 19

osmotic concentration

osmoreceptors

Front 20

Hormone that targets the mammary glands to produce milk

Back 20

Prolactine (PRL)

Front 21

Hormone that targets melanocytes to increase melanin synthesis in epidermis

Back 21

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Front 22

Thyroid gland cells, which are larger than those of the follicular epithelium and do not stain as clearly, are the _____ cells, or ______ cells.

Back 22

C (clear) cells, or parafollicular cells.

Front 23

C cells produce the hormone _____ which aids in the regulation of concentrations in body fluids

Back 23

calcitonin ( CT)

Front 24

Like the C cells of the thyroid gland, the ___ cells monitor the circulating concentration of ___ ____.

Back 24

chief

calcium ions

Front 25

When the ____ concentration of the blood falls below normal, the chief cells secrete _____ or _____

Back 25

Calcium

parathyroid hormone ( PTH ), or parathormone

Front 26

The net result of PTH secretion is a/an ____ in concentration in body fluids.

Back 26

increase

Front 27

Zona glomerulosa:
The outer region of the adrenal cortex, produces _____, steroid hormones that affect the ____ ____of body fluids.

Back 27

mineralocorticoids ( MCs )

electrolyte composition

Front 28

the principal mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex.

Back 28

Aldosterone

Front 29

Aldosterone stimulates the ____ of sodium ions and the ____ of potassium ions.

Back 29

conservation

elimination

Front 30

Zona Fasciculata:
Produces steroid hormones collectively known as ___ due to their effects on glucose metabolism.

Back 30

glucocorti-coids ( GCs )

Front 31

Glucocorticoids: When stimulated by ACTH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary, the zona fasciculata secretes primarily ____ , along with smaller amounts of the related steroid ___ .

Back 31

cor-tisol, or hydrocortisone

corticosterone

Front 32

Normally produces small quantities of androgens: The sex hormones produced in large quantities by the testes in males.

Back 32

The Zona Reticularis

Front 33

Once in the bloodstream, some of the androgens released by the zona reticularis are converted to ____ .

Back 33

estrogens, the dominant sex hormone in females.

Front 34

The Adrenal Medulla
Contains two populations of secretory cells:

Back 34

One produces epinephrine (adrenaline)

The other norepinephrine (noradrenaline).

Front 35

Disease Due to Hyposecretion of Corticosteroids

Back 35

Addison's

Front 36

Disease Due to Hypersecretion of
Corticosteroids

Back 36

Cushing’s

Front 37

The pineal gland contains neurons, neuroglia, and special secretory cells called _____.

Back 37

pinealocytes

Front 38

Cells that synthesize the hormone melatonin from molecules of the neurotransmitter serotonin .

Back 38

pinealocytes

Front 39

The endocrine ___ consists of small groups of cells scattered among the exocrine cells.

Back 39

pancreas

Front 40

The endocrine clusters are known as pancreatic islets, or the islets of _____ .

Back 40

Langerhans

Front 41

The pancreatic islets:
Alpha cells Produce the hormone _______ .

Back 41

glucagon

Front 42

Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by increasing the rates of glycogen _____ and glucose released by the _____ .

Back 42

breakdown and

liver

Front 43

The pancreatic islets:

Beta cells Secrete ____

Back 43

insulin

Front 44

Insulin is a ___ __ released by beta cells when glucose levels exceed normal levels (70-110 mg/dl).

Back 44

peptide hormone

Front 45

The inability of the Pancreas to produce Insulin.

Back 45

Diabetes mellitus

Front 46

When glucose concentrations fall below normal, alpha cells release ___ and energy reserves are mobilized.

Back 46

glucagon

Front 47

a peptide hormone released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in kidney tissues.

Back 47

Erythropoietin
(EPO)

Front 48

stimulates the production of red blood cells by bone marrow.

Back 48

Erythropoietin
(EPO)

Front 49

Renin converts ___, a plasma protein produced by the liver, to angiotensin I.

Back 49

angiotensinogen

Front 50

In the capillaries of the ____, angiotensin I is modified to the hormone angiotensin II

Back 50

lungs

Front 51

stimulates the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex and ADH at the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Back 51

angiotensin II

Front 52

the name originally given to an extract from the thymus that promotes the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes.

Back 52

Thymosin

Front 53

the white blood cells responsible for immunity.

Back 53

T-lymphocytes

Front 54

In males, the interstitial cells, ____ cells of the testes produce the male hormones known as androgens.

Back 54

(Leydig Cells)

Front 55

The most important androgens is ______

Back 55

testosterone

Front 56

____ cells in the testes support the differentiation and physical maturation of sperm.

Back 56

Sustentacular cells (Sertolli Cells)

Front 57

Under __ stimulation, Sertolli cells secrete the hormone ___, (which inhibits the secretion of FSH at the anterior lobe and perhaps suppresses GnRH release at the hypothalamus).

Back 57

FSH

inhibin

Front 58

Testes: Hormone from interstitial cells; support maturation of sperm cells, protein systhesis in skelatal muscles, male secondary sex char. & behavior.

Back 58

androgens

Front 59

Testes: Hormone from sustentacular cells; inhibits secretion of FSH

Back 59

inhibin

Front 60

Ovaries: follicular cells; support follicular maturation, feamle secondary sex char. & behavior.

Back 60

estrogen

Front 61

Ovaries: inhibit secretion of FSH

Back 61

inhibitin

Front 62

Epinephrine is the dominant hormone of the ___ phase, and its secretion accompanies a generalized ____ activation.

Back 62

alarm

sympathetic

Front 63

Some stresses, such as __, __, & __, can persist for hours, days, or even weeks.

Back 63

starvation,
acute illness,
or severe anxiety

Front 64

If a stress lasts longer than a few hours, the individual will enter the ____ ____ of the _____

Back 64

resistance phase of the GAS.

Front 65

the dominant

Back 65

Glucocorticoids

Front 66

secondary hormones of the resistance phase

Back 66

Epinephrine,
GH,
and thyroid hormones