Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Intracellular Communication:
Direct communication is transmitted through ____ _____ . |
gap junctions
|
|
Intracellular Communication:
Paracrine communication is transimmed via ____ ____ . It is limited to ____ _____ . Ex: Prostaglandins |
extracellular fluid
Local area |
|
The compounds ____ ____ & ____ have similar structures, are sometimes called catecholamines.
|
epinephrine (E) norepinephrine (NE)
and dopamine |
|
compose of chains of amino acids & are structurally similar to amino acids.
|
Peptide hormones
|
|
The presence or absence of a hormone can affect the ____ & ____ of hormone receptor proteins in the cell membrane.
|
nature and number
|
|
a process in which the presence of a hormone triggers a decrease in the number of hormone receptors.
|
Down-regulation
|
|
More Hormone, less receptors available and vice versa.
|
Down-regulation
|
|
The link between the first messenger and the second messenger generally involves a ____ ____.
|
G protein
|
|
An enzyme complex coupled to a membrane receptor
|
G protein
|
|
Steroid hormones diffuse across the ___ part of the cell membrane and bind to ____ ____ in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
|
lipid
intracellular receptors |
|
the highest level of endocrine control, (and most complex endocrine response)
|
The hypothalamus
|
|
integrates the activities of the nervous and endocrine systems
|
The hypothalamus
|
|
Two classes of hypothalamic regulatory hormones exist:
|
(1) Releasing hormones
(2) Inhibiting hormones |
|
stimulates the synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones at the anterior lobe
|
releasing hormone ( RH )
|
|
prevents the synthesis and secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe.
|
inhibiting hormone ( IH )
|
|
Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei manufacture ____ & ____
|
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
and oxytocin |
|
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
|
neurohypophysis
|
|
Antidiuretic Hormone:
A rise in the ___ ____ stimulates the secretory neurons directly. |
electrolyte concentration
|
|
Antidiuretic Hormone:
Because secretory neurons respond to a change in the ____ ____ of body fluids, these neurons are called |
osmotic concentration
osmoreceptors |
|
Hormone that targets the mammary glands to produce milk
|
Prolactine (PRL)
|
|
Hormone that targets melanocytes to increase melanin synthesis in epidermis
|
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
|
|
Thyroid gland cells, which are larger than those of the follicular epithelium and do not stain as clearly, are the _____ cells, or ______ cells.
|
C (clear) cells, or parafollicular cells.
|
|
C cells produce the hormone _____ which aids in the regulation of concentrations in body fluids
|
calcitonin ( CT)
|
|
Like the C cells of the thyroid gland, the ___ cells monitor the circulating concentration of ___ ____.
|
chief
calcium ions |
|
When the ____ concentration of the blood falls below normal, the chief cells secrete _____ or _____
|
Calcium
parathyroid hormone ( PTH ), or parathormone |
|
The net result of PTH secretion is a/an ____ in concentration in body fluids.
|
increase
|
|
Zona glomerulosa:
The outer region of the adrenal cortex, produces _____, steroid hormones that affect the ____ ____of body fluids. |
mineralocorticoids ( MCs )
electrolyte composition |
|
the principal mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex.
|
Aldosterone
|
|
Aldosterone stimulates the ____ of sodium ions and the ____ of potassium ions.
|
conservation
elimination |
|
Zona Fasciculata:
Produces steroid hormones collectively known as ___ due to their effects on glucose metabolism. |
glucocorti-coids ( GCs )
|
|
Glucocorticoids: When stimulated by ACTH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary, the zona fasciculata secretes primarily ____ , along with smaller amounts of the related steroid ___ .
|
cor-tisol, or hydrocortisone
corticosterone |
|
Normally produces small quantities of androgens: The sex hormones produced in large quantities by the testes in males.
|
The Zona Reticularis
|
|
Once in the bloodstream, some of the androgens released by the zona reticularis are converted to ____ .
|
estrogens, the dominant sex hormone in females.
|
|
The Adrenal Medulla
Contains two populations of secretory cells: |
One produces epinephrine (adrenaline)
The other norepinephrine (noradrenaline). |
|
Disease Due to Hyposecretion of Corticosteroids
|
Addison's
|
|
Disease Due to Hypersecretion of
Corticosteroids |
Cushing’s
|
|
The pineal gland contains neurons, neuroglia, and special secretory cells called _____.
|
pinealocytes
|
|
Cells that synthesize the hormone melatonin from molecules of the neurotransmitter serotonin .
|
pinealocytes
|
|
The endocrine ___ consists of small groups of cells scattered among the exocrine cells.
|
pancreas
|
|
The endocrine clusters are known as pancreatic islets, or the islets of _____ .
|
Langerhans
|
|
The pancreatic islets:
Alpha cells Produce the hormone _______ . |
glucagon
|
|
Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by increasing the rates of glycogen _____ and glucose released by the _____ .
|
breakdown and
liver |
|
The pancreatic islets:
Beta cells Secrete ____ |
insulin
|
|
Insulin is a ___ __ released by beta cells when glucose levels exceed normal levels (70-110 mg/dl).
|
peptide hormone
|
|
The inability of the Pancreas to produce Insulin.
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
|
When glucose concentrations fall below normal, alpha cells release ___ and energy reserves are mobilized.
|
glucagon
|
|
a peptide hormone released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in kidney tissues.
|
Erythropoietin
(EPO) |
|
stimulates the production of red blood cells by bone marrow.
|
Erythropoietin
(EPO) |
|
Renin converts ___, a plasma protein produced by the liver, to angiotensin I.
|
angiotensinogen
|
|
In the capillaries of the ____, angiotensin I is modified to the hormone angiotensin II
|
lungs
|
|
stimulates the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex and ADH at the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
|
angiotensin II
|
|
the name originally given to an extract from the thymus that promotes the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes.
|
Thymosin
|
|
the white blood cells responsible for immunity.
|
T-lymphocytes
|
|
In males, the interstitial cells, ____ cells of the testes produce the male hormones known as androgens.
|
(Leydig Cells)
|
|
The most important androgens is ______
|
testosterone
|
|
____ cells in the testes support the differentiation and physical maturation of sperm.
|
Sustentacular cells (Sertolli Cells)
|
|
Under __ stimulation, Sertolli cells secrete the hormone ___, (which inhibits the secretion of FSH at the anterior lobe and perhaps suppresses GnRH release at the hypothalamus).
|
FSH
inhibin |
|
Testes: Hormone from interstitial cells; support maturation of sperm cells, protein systhesis in skelatal muscles, male secondary sex char. & behavior.
|
androgens
|
|
Testes: Hormone from sustentacular cells; inhibits secretion of FSH
|
inhibin
|
|
Ovaries: follicular cells; support follicular maturation, feamle secondary sex char. & behavior.
|
estrogen
|
|
Ovaries: inhibit secretion of FSH
|
inhibitin
|
|
Epinephrine is the dominant hormone of the ___ phase, and its secretion accompanies a generalized ____ activation.
|
alarm
sympathetic |
|
Some stresses, such as __, __, & __, can persist for hours, days, or even weeks.
|
starvation,
acute illness, or severe anxiety |
|
If a stress lasts longer than a few hours, the individual will enter the ____ ____ of the _____
|
resistance phase of the GAS.
|
|
the dominant
|
Glucocorticoids
|
|
secondary hormones of the resistance phase
|
Epinephrine,
GH, and thyroid hormones |