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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What attaches the floor of the mouth to the tongue?
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Lingual frenulum
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What is the median attachment of each lip to the gum called?
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Labial frenulum
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What are the functions of the tongue?
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Repositioning and mixing food during chewing, forms the bolus, initiation of swallowing, speech, and taste
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What is formed from mostly skeletal muscle and closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing?
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Soft palate
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What does the palantine bone and processes of the maxilla make up?
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Hard palate
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What is another name for the oral cavity?
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Buccal
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What does the oral cavity include?
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Lips, cheeks, hard & soft palate, and tongue
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What is the serosa of the epiglottis?
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Adventitia
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What is the movement of food through the digestive tract?
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Propulsion
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What lines the lumen, consists of 3 sublayers, protects against disease, secretes mucus, hormones, & enzymes, and absorbs end products of digestion?
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Mucosa
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What is the process of eliminating unused nutrients ?
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Defecation
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What are the 6 processes of the digestive system?
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1. Ingestion 2. Propulsion 3.Mechanical digestion 4. Chemical digestion 5.Absorption 6. Defecation
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What is the term for when an organ is surrounded by the peritoneum?
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Intraperitoneum
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What are the 3 sublayers of mucosa?
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Epithelium, Lamina propria, and Muscularis mucosa
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Which sublayer of mucosa contains capillaries for absorption, lymphoid follicles (MALT), and consists of loose areolar connective tissue?
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Lamina propria
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Which sublayer of the mucosa contains blood & lymph vessels to nourish the GI tract wall and is made up of dense connective tissue?
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Submucosa
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Which sublayer of the mucosa consists of smooth muscle and produces local movements of mucosa?
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Muscularis mucosa
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What is the epithelium and its' function?
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It is a sublayer of mucosa. It secretes mucus and sometimes secretes enzymes and hormones in the stomach and small intestine
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What are some functions of mucus secreted by the epithelium?
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Eases the passage of food and protects digestive organs from enzymes
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What are the 4 basic layers of the alimentary canal?
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Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
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What is the function of the muscularis externa layer of the alimentary canal?
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Responsible for peristalsis and segmentation
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What is the term for organs that lie posterior to the peritoneum?
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Retroperitoneum
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Where would you find the parietal peritoneum?
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Lining behind the wall where digestive organs reside
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Where would you find the visceral peritoneum?
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External surface of digestive organs
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Which process usually occurs un the small intestine and is dispersed wherever needed?
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Absorption
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What is the process in which enzymes break down their food further than mechanical digestion?
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Chemical digestion
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What is the process of chewing and churning food into smaller pieces to prepare for absorption?
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Mechanical digestion
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What is the act of putting food into your mouth?
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Ingestion
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What do the accessory organs consist of?
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teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
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What is the function of the alimentary canal?
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Digestion and absorption
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What does the alimentary canal consist of?
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The mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine
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What are the 2 groups of digestive system organs?
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Alimentary canal & accessory organs
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What system has the intrinsic nerve supply of the alimentary canal?
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Enteric nervous system
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What is the function of the submucosal nerve plexus?
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Regulates glands and smooth muscle in the mucosa/submucosa
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What are the names of the 2 nerve plexus' of the Enteric Nervous System?
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Submucosal Nerve Plexus & Myenteric Nerve Plexus
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What is the function of the myenteric nerve plexus?
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Controls GI tract motility and peristalsis
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How/What is saliva made of?
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It is secreted by the serous and mucous cells and is made of 97-99% water but is slightly acidic
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What are the classes of teeth?
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Incisors, canines, bicuspids, and molars
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What kind of joint are the teeth classified as?
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Gomphosis
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What is the function of cementum?
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It covers the root and attaches it to the periodontal ligament.
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What is cementum made of?
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Calcified connective tissue
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What is the gingival sulcus?
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A groove where gingiva borders the tooth
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What are teeth made of?
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Dentin, a bone-like material under the enamel.
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What are dental caries?
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Cavities - gradual demineralization of enamel and dentin
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What is gingivitis?
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Plaque calcifies to form tartar, which disrupts the seal between the gums and teeth, and anaerobic bacteria infects the gums
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What is periodontitis?
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Immune cells attack intruders and body tissues causing swelling and destruction of the periodontal ligament
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What are the layers of the oropharynx & laryngopharynx and their make up?
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2 layers of skeletal muscle - inner longitudinal & outer pharyngeal constrictors made of stratified squamous epithelium |
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What is the esophagus and where does it connect to the diaphragm and stomach?
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It is a flat, muscular tube from laryngopharynx to stomach meets diaphragm at esophageal haitus joins the stomach at the cardiac orifice |
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What kind of epithelium is in the esophageal mucosa?
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Stratified squamous epithelium and then it changes to simple columnar at the stomach
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What is the function of the esophageal glands in the submucosa?
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They secrete mucus to aid in bolus movement
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What makes up the pyloric region of the stomach?
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Antrum, pyloric canal, and pylorus
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What are the 4 cell types of the gastric glands?
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mucus neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, and enteroendocrine cells
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Where are the gastric glands located and what do they produce?
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They're found in the fundus under the diaphragm and produce most gastric juices
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What do parietal cells secrete?
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HCl & Intrinsic factor
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What is the function of HCl in the stomach?
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It denatures protein in food, activates peptin, and kills bacteria
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What is gastritis?
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Inflammation caused by anything that breaks the mucosal barrier |
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What are the subdivisions of the small intestine?
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Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
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What is the function of the intestinal crypt epithelium?
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Secretory cells that produce gastric juices
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What are the functions of the enteroendocrine cells secreted by the gastric gland of the stomach?
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Secrete chemical messengers into lamina propria and secretes gastrin
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What hormones do enteroendocrine cells produce?
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secretin and cholecystokinin (CKK)
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What do paneth cells secrete?
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they secrete antimicrobial agents like defensins and lysozyme
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What are Peyer's patches?
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lymphoid follicles that protect distal part against bacteria
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What do Brunner's (duodenal) glands secrete?
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secrete alkaline mucus
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How many lobes does the liver have?
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4 - right, left caudate, and quadrate
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What is special about the liver?
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It is the largest gland in the body
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What is the name of the ligament that separates the right and left lobes of the liver?
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Falciform ligament
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What is the function of the falciform ligament of the liver?
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Suspends liver from diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall
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What is the round ligament (ligamentum teres) of the liver?
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remnant of fetal umbilical vein
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What are the some associated structures of the liver?
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Common hepatic duct and cystic duct which make up the bile duct
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What are the liver lobules?
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hexagonal structural and functional units made up of hepatocytes
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What is the function of liver lobules?
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Filter & process nutrient-rich blood
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What are the leaky capillaries between hepatic plates?
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Liver sinusoids
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What is the name of hepatic macrophages in the liver?
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Kupffer cells
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What are some hepatocyte functions?
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process bloodborne nutrients, store fat soluble vitamins, detoxify, and produce bile
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What is the composition of bile?
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bile salts, bilirubin, phospholipids, electrolytes, cholesterol, and neutral fats
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What is the function of the gallbladder?
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stores & concentrates bile and releases bile via cystic duct
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What is the ENDOCRINE function of the pancreas?
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Pancreatic islets secrete insulin and glucagon
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What is the EXOCRINE function of the pancreas?
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secrete pancreatic juice which contains digestive enzymes
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What is the function of the pancreatic juice?
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neutralizes chyme
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What stimulates bile production and secretion by the liver?
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bile salts in the enterohepatic circulation & secretin from intestinal cells
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What causes gallbladder contraction?
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Cholecystokinin (CKK) from intestinal cells exposed to proteins and fat in chyme
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What is the secondary function of cholecystokinin (CKK)?
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causes the hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax
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What makes up the chyme?
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chyme from the stomach contains partially digested carbs and proteins from undigested fats
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What are the requirements for digestions and absorption in the small intestine?
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slow delivery of chime, bile, enzymes, and bicarbonate from the liver and pancreas
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What are some unique features of the large intestine?
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tenaie coli, haustra, and epiploic appendages
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What are tenaie coli?
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three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in the muscularis of the large intestine
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What are the haustra of the large intestine?
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pocket-like sacs caused by the tone of the tenaie coli
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What are the epiploic appendages of the large intestine?
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fat-filled pockets of the visceral peritoneum
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What are the functions of bacterial flora?
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colonize colon, ferment indigestible carbs, and release irritating acids & gases
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