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204 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Blood
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connective tissue that contains cells and proteins nonexistent in any other connective tissue
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plasma
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liquid containing dissolved substances
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formed elements
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cells and cell fragments in blood
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granulocytes
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white blood cells with grains in the cytoplasm
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agranulocytes
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white blood cells without grains in the cytoplasm
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thrombocytes
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platelets/ cell fragments in the blood
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hematopoiesis
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production of all of the formed elements
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stem cells
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indifferentiated cells that give rise to highly specialized cells
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mesenchyme
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group of stem cells that gives rise to all connective tissue
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pluripotent stem cells
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stem cells that give rise to the formed elements of blood
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biconcave disc
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flexible shape of a erythrocyte consisting of a disc with indentations on the top and bottom
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hemoglobin
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red pigmented molecule in blood
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heme
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iron-containing molecule attached to globins
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globin
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protein strand composing hemoglobin
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Sickle cell anemia
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genetic disorder where one amino acid in any of the globin chains is missing or different, causing the strand to collapse
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thalassemia
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part of a globin or a whole globin is missing in hemoglobin
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erythropoiesis
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production of red blood cells
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reticulocyte count
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count of number of reticulocytes in the blood stream to determine erythrocyte production
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erythropoietin
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a hormone secreted by the kidney which increases erythrocyte production
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agglutinogens
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proteins on the surface of erythrocytes responsible for blood type
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hypoxia
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deficiency of oxygen that may come as a result of anemia
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anemia
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disorder that produces hypoxia that is caused by too little of abnormal hemoglobin
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hematocrit
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the percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood
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blood doping
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using packaged erythrocytes to increase oxygen supply, typically in athletes
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procrit
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medicine providing the effects of blood doping without the risk of disease
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Major histocompatibility complex proteins
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also called antigens; proteins found on all cells except erythrocytes that identify an individual's own cells
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phagocytosis
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process that gets rid of damaged or infected cells by "eating"
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chemotaxis
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chemical attraction between cells
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diapedesis
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the process of leukocytes migrating through the blood vessel walls into the tissue space
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band
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immature neutrophil
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macrophage
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monocyte that has migrated out of blood into tissue space
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fixed macrophage
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macrophage specialized for one specific tissue space
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wandering macrophages
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macrophages that migrate to where they are needed
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mast cell
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basophil that has migrated into tissue spaces
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heparin
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chemical that prevents clots from forming
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histamine
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extremely chemotaxic chemical that aids with healing
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inflammation
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process that cleans up and protects injury site so healing may occur
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anti-histamine
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chemical that blocks histamine
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differential count
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determines the number of different leukocytes in a total of 100 leukocytes
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leukopoiesis
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production of leukocytes
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thrombopoietin
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hormone that controls the production of thrombocytes
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agglutin
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antibody for an agglutinogen
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agglutination
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clumping of erythrocytes due to the formation of an agglutinogen/agglutinin complex
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antibody
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protein with a 3D shape that allows attachment to form a complex with one specific antigen
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RhoGAM
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medication infected to prevent a mother's production of the d antigen
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albumin
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major plasma protein in establishing osmotic pressure
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fibrinogen
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soluble protein serving role in clot formation
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vascular spasm
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the contraction of the smooth muscle around a damaged blood vessel
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serum
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plasma minus the clotting proteins
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coagulation
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the process of blood clotting
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prothrombinase
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prothrombin activator
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retraction
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the process of shinking and tightening the clot
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fibrinolysis
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the process of dissolving the clot
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Hemophilia
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genetic disorder where an individual lacks a coagulation factor
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Thrombosis
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formation of a clot in an intact vessel
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thrombus
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unnecessary clot
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embolus
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thrombus that has broken loose and entered circulation
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antithrombin
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plasma protein that inhibits thrombin
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heparin
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chemical that in an anti-coagulant and prevents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
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citrate
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lab-produced chemical that binds to Ca+ in blood, preventing a clot to form
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streptokinase
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enzyme made by strep throat capable of dissolving clots
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Tissue plasminogen
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tissue enzyme formed in the lab
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hirudin
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extremely potent anti-coagulant chemical secreted by leeches
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pericardium
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covering of the heart
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fibrous pericardium
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outermost layer of the heart
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serous pericardium
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inner layer of the pericardium
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visceral layer of the serous pericardium
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forms the outermost layer of the heart wall
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parietal layer of the serous pericardium
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layer of the heart that lines the fibrous pericardium
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endocardium
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innermost layer of the heart
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myocardium
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middle layer of the heart wall
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epicardium
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outermost layer of the heart wall
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Atria
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uppermost chambers of the heart
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ventricles
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lower chambers of the heart
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auricles
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appendages attached to the uppermost surface of the heart
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interatrial septum
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separation between the two atria
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interventricular septum
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separation between the two ventricle
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fossa ovalis
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remnant of the foramen ovale in the interatrial septum
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coronary sulcus
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groove that divides the atria and ventricles
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anterior interventricular sulcus
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groove on the anterior surface of the heart dividing left and right
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posterior interventricular sulcus
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groove on the posterior surface of the heart dividing left and right
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aorta
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very large artery that travels from the heart through the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
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cardiac cycle
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the alternating, rhythmic contractions of the atria and ventricles
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atrioventricular valve
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valve located between the atria and ventricles that prevents the backflow of blood into the atria
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semilunar valve
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valve between the ventricles and veins to prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles
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tricuspid valve
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valve formed by three flaps of tissue
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chordae tendineae
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chords of connective tissue that exted between cusps and papillary muscles found in the wall of the ventricle
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Atria
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uppermost chambers of the heart
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ventricles
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lower chambers of the heart
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auricles
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appendages attached to the uppermost surface of the heart
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interatrial septum
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separation between the two atria
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interventricular septum
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separation between the two ventricle
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fossa ovalis
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remnant of the foramen ovale in the interatrial septum
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coronary sulcus
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groove that divides the atria and ventricles
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anterior interventricular sulcus
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groove on the anterior surface of the heart dividing left and right
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posterior interventricular sulcus
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groove on the posterior surface of the heart dividing left and right
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aorta
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very large artery that travels from the heart through the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
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cardiac cycle
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the alternating, rhythmic contractions of the atria and ventricles
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atrioventricular valve
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valve located between the atria and ventricles that prevents the backflow of blood into the atria
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semilunar valve
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valve between the ventricles and veins to prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles
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tricuspid valve
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valve formed by three flaps of tissue
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chordae tendineae
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chords of connective tissue that exted between cusps and papillary muscles found in the wall of the ventricle
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bicuspid valve
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valve composed of two flaps of connective tissue
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cardiac muscle fiber
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short, fat, branched, striated, involuntary muscle that makes up the myocardium
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gap junction
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opening between adjacent cell fibers
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sinoatrial node
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component of the conduction system which sets the rate of the heart
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electrocardiogram
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the recording of the waves of depolarization and repolarization from the surface of the heart
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P wave
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small upward curve on an electrocardiogram
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QRS complex
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curve that begins downward, travels very high, and then returns downward on an electrocardiogram
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T wave
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small dome-shaped wave on an electrocardiogram
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arrhythmias
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variations in the normal heartbeat
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first-degree heart block
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heart problem involving slowing of the heart beat
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second-degree heart block
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heart problem when the ventricles miss a beat
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third degree heart beat
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heart problem involvin a complete separation of atrial and ventricular activity
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systole
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contraction
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diastole
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relaxation
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cardiac output
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the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle to the aorta per minute
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stroke volume
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amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle to the aorta per contraction
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Starling's law of the heart
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the length of a cardiac muscle fiber determines its force of contraction
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heart murmur
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abnormal heart sound
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anastomoses
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blood vessels that communicate between arteries
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ischemia
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a blockage in the coronary blood vessel
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infarction
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the tissue beyond the blockage is dying
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angina
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the pain associated with reduced blood flow to the myocardium
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vagal tone
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the fact that the heart beats stightly slower at rest
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carotid sinus reflex
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sensory info that helps to maintain blood pressure in the brain
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aortic reflex
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sensory info that helps to maintain systemic blood pressure
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right heart reflex
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sensory info that controls venous blood pressure
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epinephrine
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hormone that mimics the sympathetic nervous system but also increases the rate and force of contraction
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thyroxin
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hormone that has the aility to increase rate and force of contraction
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hypocalcemia
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not enough calcium ions
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hypercalcemia
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too much calcium ions
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hypokalemia
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not enough potassium ions
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hyperkalemia
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too many potassium ions
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hypernatremia
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too much sodium ions
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tunica interna
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most internal layer of a blood vessel wall
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tunica media
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middle layer of a blood vessel wall
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tunica externa/adventitia
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outermost layer of a blood vessel
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vasovasorum
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blood vessels that serve other blood vessels
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arteries
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blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart
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elastic arteries
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the largest, thickest arteries that are closest to the heart
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muscular arteries
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medium sized arteries
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arterioles
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smallest arteries
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capillary
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blood vessel that permits the exchange of materials
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capillary bed
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group of capillaries arising in one particular region
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precapillary sphincter
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valve-like structure capable of regulating blood flow through the capillary
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fenestration
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slit-like openings in the capillary wall
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sinusoids
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highly modified capillaries with large, irregularly-shaped lumen
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veins
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blood vessels that transport blood to the heart
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venule
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smallest vein
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vascular/venous sinuses
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vein with a thin layer of endothelium, no smooth muscle, and a layer of connective tissue composing the tunica media and externa
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skeletal muscle pumps
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bundles of muscle surrounding the vessel that squeezes the vein and pushes blood
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respiratory muscle pumps
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the process of the diaphragm moving blood while relaxing
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arterial pulse
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alternating expansion and recoil of arteries caused by contraction and relaxation of the ventricles
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arteriosclerosis
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thickening of the arterial wall, creating loss of elasticity
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atherosclerosis
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plaque deposits, thickening the wall of the artery
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anneurism
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soft/weak spot in a blood vessel wall
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varicose veins
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occur when the valves in veins fail to work
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blood distribution
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where blood is located in blood vessels
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venoconstriction
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the process of veins getting smaller in sympathetic reactions
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capillary dynamics
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how the exchange between blood and tissue occurs
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diffusion
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movement based on a concentration gradient
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transcytosis
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moves small amounts of materials and large insoluble lipids across the capillary wall
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bulk process
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passive process involving moving water, ions, and other solutes across a capillary wall
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filtration
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moves material out of the capillary
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reabsorption
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moves material into the capillary
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blood hydrostatic pressure
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pressure inside a vessel walls
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interstitial hydrostatic pressure
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pressure against the outside of a vessel wall
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blood osmotic pressure
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pulls water into cell
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interstital osmotic pressure
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pulls water out of the cell
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blood flow
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volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a given period of time
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velocity
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speed of blood flow
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resistance
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opposition to blood flow
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blood pressure
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hydrostatic pressure exerted on the wall of the vessel
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systolic pressure
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pressure peak occurring during ventricular contraction
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diastolic pressure
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pressure low occurring rest prior to ventricular contraction
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systemic vascular resistance
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refers to all the vascular resistance produced in systemic blood vessels
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peripheral resistance
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resistance to blood flow primarily in the limbs
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vasomotor center
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controls tonic contractions in smooth muscle of blood vessel wall
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hypercapnia
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too much carbon dioxide
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acidosis
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too many hydrogen ions
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hypoxia
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too much oxygen
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Antidiuretic hormone
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hormone that causes vasoconstriction and secreted during hemorrhaging
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renin
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enzyme secreted by the kidney in response to a drop in blood pressure
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angiotensin
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plasma protein made by the liver
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aldosterone
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hormone made by the adrenal cortex
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atrial-natriuretic peptide
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hormone secreted by certain cells in the wall of the atria
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anaphalaxis
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the disorder when histamine is released body wide
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autoregulation
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local automatic adjustment of blood flow to a specific region
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shock
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the failure of the cardiovascular system to diliver enough oxygen and nutrients to meet body demand
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hypovolemic shock
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too little volume of blood
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cardiogenic shock
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poor heart function
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vascular shock
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inappropriate vasodilation
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anaphylactic shock
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type of vascular shock where histamine is released body-wide
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obstructive shock
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blockage prevents blood flow through a tissue or region
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hepatic artery
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branch of the abdominal aorta that brings oxygenated blood to the liver
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hepatic portal vein
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formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein that drains CO2 rich blood from the digestive tube into the liver
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hepatic vein
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drains all the blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava
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placenta
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disc-shaped structure embedded in the wall of the uterus that contains thousands of baby capillaries
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umbilical cord
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extends between the placenta and fetus and contains blood vessels
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umbilical vein
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runs from placenta to fetus and is high in oxygen
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umbilical arteries
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run fetus to placenta
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foramen ovale
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opening in the interarterial sulcus
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ductus arteriosus
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blood vessel between pulmonary trunk and aorta
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internal and external iliac arteries
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vessels that branch from the common iliac arteries
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