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281 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is Bile?
Greenish- Brown substance containing Bile Salts, Bile Pigments (bilirubin), Cholesterol, fats, and electrolytes.
Where is Bile Produced and Stored?
-Produced by Liver
-Stored in Gallbladder
What does Bile do?
Aids in Digestion,Emulsifies fat, and gives feces brown color
What is Cholesterol and Where is it produced?
a natural occuring fat Produced in the liver
What does Cholesterol do?
vital to strengthening membranes of all cells
Where are Triglycerides stored?
Liver
What is Pancreatic Lipase and Where is it produced?
-Produced in Pancreas.
-it continues the digestion of lipids.
What is Serum Albumin and where is it Produced?
-Most abundant protein in human blood plasma. -produced in the liver.
-Soluble and Monomeric
What is Bicarbonate and what does it do?
-Most important buffer in the blood
-Necessary for digestion
-Neutralized stomach acids
Where is bicarbonate secreted?
The stomach
What is Carbonic Acid and What does it do?
-a weak acid found in blood cells
-created when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water.
- found in sodas, champagne, and blood
What is a Hydrogen Ion and what does it do?
-Positively charged ion formed after removal of electron
-Found in all aqueous solutions of acids
What is Carbon Dioxide and what does it do and where is it found?
-
-a mediator to regulate blood flow and supply
-Carried through the blood in red blood cells
What is Ammonia and how is it formed?
-a toxin converted into UREA (in digestive functions of liver)
-Secreted by teh kidneys
-formed by a by-product of protein metabolism
What is Salivary Amylase? and what does it do?
-an enzyme important to digestion of carbohydrates
-Digest polysaccharides into disaccharides
-Only Monosaccharide form of carbs can enter cell; Disaccharides need to be further digested in another part of digestive system.
What is the optimal Tempurature and pH for Salivary Amylase?
Temp= 98.6f
pH=approx 7
What is Chyme and where is it produced?
-produced i mechanical digestion of stomach, when bolus is mixed with digestive enzymes and becomes more liquefied.

Food enters stomach as BOLUS, but leaves as CHYME
Where does Chyme go after leaving the stomach?
-Through Pyloric Sphincter and into the duodenum where it contacts material from pancreas, gall bladder, and liver.
then is digested by small intestine
-
Where does Chyme go after passing the Small Intestine?
ileocecal sphincter and into large intestine, it fills the relaxed haustra.
What is a Gastrocolic Reflex?
forceful contractions beginning in middle of transverse colon and pushes Chyme into rectum. Food in stomach initiates this action.
How long does Chyme Remain in the Large Intestine and what is done?
18-24 hours where water is absorbed into the body, and feces are solid
How long does Chyme remain in the Small Intestine?
3-5hours
What does Feces consist of?
some H20, salts, epithelial cells from GI tract, bacteria, undigested food (roughage)
What does Peristalsis do?
moves fecal material into rectum, person becomes conscious of the urge and have control over voluntary muscles in anal canal, resulting in defecation.
What is Hydrochloric Acid and what does it do?
-Secreted by Parietal Cells in the stomach wall
-Remains optimal pH for enzymes of stomach to work
-kills microbes that enter the body through food
What is the cause of the Acidic pH in the stomach?
Hydrochloric Acid (HCL)
What is Pepsin and what does it do?
-An enzyme secreted into stomach LUMEN by Chief Cells.
What is Pepsin responsible for?
beginning the digestion of proteins by decreasing an changing shape of amino acid chains
When does Pepsinogen (inactive form of Pepsin) become Pepsin?
when present with Hydrochloric Acid
What are Accessory Organs of the Small Intestine?
Pancreas, Gallbladder, Liver
What will stop the action of Pepsin?
pH = 7.2-8.2 of Pancreatic Juice (from acini cells)
What is Pepsinogen?
Inactive form of Pepsin, before Hydrochloric acid turns it into Pepsin
What is Gastric Lipase and what does it do?
-acidic lipase pH of 3-6 secreted by Gastric Chief Cells in the funda mucosa of the stomach
-helps with digestion/ breaks down complex food molecules
What is Mucus and what does it do?
-produced by Mucous Cells in Stomach Lining
-Important in digestion
-Moistens Bolus and provides protection to lining of stomach
What is Gastrin and what does it do?
-hormone of the stomach (not enzyme)
-involved with digestive activates of stomach including relaxation of pyloric sphincter after a meal
What is Intrinsic Factor and what is it needed for?
-a glycoprotein secreted by Parietal Cells
-allows the intestinal absorption of vitamin b12, needed for production of Red Blood cells
What is CCK? (cholecystokinin)
-in the gallbladder, an intestinal hormone that will be released in presence of fatty Chyme
-Stimulates gall bladder to release bile into Duodenum
What triggers Intestinal Gastrin and what Phase is this in?
-partially digested food fills the duodenum which triggers it
-Intestinal Phase
What is Secretin and what does it do?
-Hormone normally produced by the duodenum as it recieves acidic contents of the stomach.
-secretin neutralizes the acidity of the contents of small intestine
What is Gastric Inhibiting Peptide? and where is it found?
-found in mucosa of duodenum and jejunum of GI tract
What is the function of Gastric Inhibiting Peptide?
induce insulin secretin , which is stimulated by glucose in duodeunum.
What is Pancreatic Juice?
-Secreted by small exocrine glands made up of acini cells.
-Important in digestion (pancreatic amylase, trypsin, cymotrypsin, and carboxypepsidase)
What does Pancreatic Juice contain and look like?
-contains digestive enzymes.
-clear, colorless, composed of water, salts and enzymes
-pH of 7.2-8.2
What is Trypsin, Cymotrypsin, and Carboxypepsidase?
-enzyme secreted in inactive form continue with digestion started in stomach
-located in Pancreatic Juice
What is Pancreatic Amylase?
-located in pancreatic juice
-continues digestion of carbs that was started in mouth
What is insulin and where is it produced?
-Produced by Beta Cells when blood glucose increases
-decreases glucose le vel by traveling to the liver and causing bonding of glucose moleculse into glycogen.
-Insulin increases permeability of cell membrane to glucose, allowing passage of glucose from blood to cell
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Inability of the body to produce insulin or produce active insulin which makes glucose levels rise and none reach cells
What is carbohydrate metabolism?
in digestion of liver.
-helps maintain normal blood glucose level, under direction of insulin and glucagon. main site of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis
What is glucagon?
made in the pancreas

naturally raises blood sugar
What is Bilirubin?
a waste producut of hemoglobin from old red blood cells
What are Brush Border Enzymes?
responsible for finishing digestion of carbohydrates in CHEMICAL DIGESTION.
-break down disaccharides to monosaccharides
What are the major Brush Border Enzymes?
Maltase, lactase, sucrase.
What is Antidiruetic Hormone?
a hormone that decreases amoung of urine by working on the permeability of the membranes of the DCT and collecting duct. increases permeability of membranes leading to more h20 being reabsorbed by blood resulting in less urine being produced
what is Antidiuretic hormone produced by? and function?
-produced byhypothalamus and released by posterior pituitary gland.
-travesl to target organs, the dct and collecting ducts of kidneys
What is Renin?
effects the DCT and collecting ducts in response to decrease in blood pressure.
it increases amount of water reabsorbed and increases blood volume.
-increased by nephron
What does Renin promote the conversion of?
antiotensinogen to angiotensin I
What is aldosterone?
-one of the 2 main hormones involved with reabsorption from the DCT to CD.
What is angiotensin 2?
-increases sense of thirst and the secretion of ADH
-decrease lumen size of blood vessels resulting increase in b/p
-increases secretion of aldosterone
what is Aldosterone?
hormone of the adrenal cortex
What are Adipocytes?
-fat cells that primarily compose fat tissue.

-store energy as fat.
What are Myocytes? Examples?
-cells found in muscles.
- cardiac, skeletal, smoothe mucles
What are Goblet Cells and their function?
-Simple columnar epithelial cells
-Secrete mucus
What is an Epithelial Cell? examples?
-closely packed cells forming epithelium
-Cuboidal, Columnar, Squamous...
What are Neck Cells?
-specialized epithelial cells with many Mucous secretory granules
Where are Neck Cells located?
-in gastric units in the central corpus region of stomach
What do human Neck Cells secrete?
pancreatic secretory Trypsin
What is the cause of the Acidic pH in the stomach?
Secretion of hydrochloric acid by Parietal Cells found in stomach wall.
What type of Digestion in the stomach is Hydrochloric Acid a main role in?
Chemical Digestion.
What is Intrinsic Factor?
glycoprotein that is also secreted by Parietal Cells that allows intestinal absorption of B12
When Mucous Neck Cells lose the ability to secrete mucus what do they become?
Chief Cells and Parietal Cells
What are Chief Cells? and Where is it located?
-Gastric Chief Cell - in the stomach that releases Pepsinogen and Renin.
What are Acini Cells? What do they Secrete?
-Cells that make up exocrine glands within the Pancreas.
-Secrete Pancreatic Juice
Is Pancreas exocrine or endocrine organ?
Both
What cells are the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS composed of?
Alpha and Beta Cells
What are Alpha Cells? What do they produce? How do they work?
-Produce Glucagon when glucose level in blood decreases.
-Travel to te liver causing breakdown of glycogen in glucose. then glucose is released in to the blood and glucose level rises. (maintainng homeostasis)
What are Beta Cells? What do they produce? How?
-Produce Insulin when glucose levels increase. (to decrease it)
-by traveling to liver and causing bonding of many glucose molecules into glycogen.
What does Insulin do?
Increase permeability of cell membrane to glucose, allowing passing of glucose from blood to cell. (decreasing blood glucose level)
What are the many spaces inside of the liver called?
Sinusoids
What are Sinusoids lined with?
Kupffer Cells.
What are Kupffer Cells? What is their function? Where?
-Phagocytic Cells that destroy old RBC, old WBC, bacteria, viruses and toxic materials.
-In Liver
What are Crypts of Lieberkuhn? and What do they do?
-Tubular glands lie between Villi of inner Small Intestine.
-cells of these secrete Intestinal Juice
-Named after German Anatomist J.N.Lieberkuhn
What are Enteric Bacteria? What do they do? Where do they live?
-rod shaped bacteria/gram negative
-metabolize glucose to acids
-live in intestinal tract, some are harmful some are not
What are Podocyte Cells? Where are they located?
-Cells in Bowmans Capsule in the kidneys that wrap around the glomerular capillaries.
-Visceral layer of kidney
What is involuntary muscle contraction called?
Peristalsis
What is Defacation?
releasing of the undigested material and waste products after digestion.
What is Mechanical Digestion?
the physical movements of the GI tract that aid the breakdown of food (chewing, peristalsis)
What is Chemical Digestion?
a series of chemical reactions that break down large organic molecules into smaller ones.
What is an Enzyme? What does it do?
a protein that increases the rate of chemical reactions without changing themselves.
What are the 3 pairs of Salivary Glands?
1. Parotid Glands: largest of salivary glands/anterior to ears
2. Submandibular Glands: under lower jaw
3. Sublingual Glands: under toungue
Are Salivary Glands endocrine or Exocrine?
Exocrine
Are Salivary Glands endocrine or Exocrine?
Exocrine
What are Functions of Saliva?
dissolving food/helping mechanical digestion, allowing tastebuds to be stimulated for taste, softening the fod for swallowing and containing Salivary Amylase.
What are Functions of Saliva?
dissolving food/helping mechanical digestion, allowing tastebuds to be stimulated for taste, softening the fod for swallowing and containing Salivary Amylase.
What organs are passed through in the Gastrointestinal Tract? (alimentary canal)
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine
How long is your Gastrointestinal Tract?
26-28ft
What organs are passed through in the Gastrointestinal Tract? (alimentary canal)
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine
What are Accessory Structures? Examples?
-aid in digestion, but the food doesn't go through them
EX: teeth, toungue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
How long is your Gastrointestinal Tract?
26-28ft
What are Accessory Structures? Examples?
-aid in digestion, but the food doesn't go through them
EX: teeth, toungue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What is tongue? and Functions of it?
-mostly skeletal muscle attatched to bottom of mouth by LINGUAL FRENULUM.
-used in speech and digestion
What is tongue? and Functions of it?
-mostly skeletal muscle attatched to bottom of mouth by LINGUAL FRENULUM.
-used in speech and digestion
What does the Esophagus connect?
pharynx to the stomach
What does the Esophagus connect?
pharynx to the stomach
What digestive enzymes originate from the Esophagus?
NONE, but paristalsis does occur
What digestive enzymes originate from the Esophagus?
NONE, but paristalsis does occur
What is the Diaphragm?
muscle that separates the thoratic cavity from the abdominal cavity
What is the Diaphragm?
muscle that separates the thoratic cavity from the abdominal cavity
What is the path of the Esophagus?
1.Through Diaphragm @ Esophageal Hiatus
2. Esophagus eventually narrows and Bolus goes through Lower Esophageal Sphincter to the STOMACH
What is the path of the Esophagus?
1.Through Diaphragm @ Esophageal Hiatus
2. Esophagus eventually narrows and Bolus goes through Lower Esophageal Sphincter to the STOMACH
Are Salivary Glands endocrine or Exocrine?
Exocrine
What are Functions of Saliva?
dissolving food/helping mechanical digestion, allowing tastebuds to be stimulated for taste, softening the fod for swallowing and containing Salivary Amylase.
What organs are passed through in the Gastrointestinal Tract? (alimentary canal)
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine
How long is your Gastrointestinal Tract?
26-28ft
What are Accessory Structures? Examples?
-aid in digestion, but the food doesn't go through them
EX: teeth, toungue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What is tongue? and Functions of it?
-mostly skeletal muscle attatched to bottom of mouth by LINGUAL FRENULUM.
-used in speech and digestion
What does the Esophagus connect?
pharynx to the stomach
What digestive enzymes originate from the Esophagus?
NONE, but paristalsis does occur
What is the Diaphragm?
muscle that separates the thoratic cavity from the abdominal cavity
What is the path of the Esophagus?
1.Through Diaphragm @ Esophageal Hiatus
2. Esophagus eventually narrows and Bolus goes through Lower Esophageal Sphincter to the STOMACH
What is the Esophageal Hiatus? What can it cause?
-an opening that the esophagus goes through.
- can cause a weakness in the diaphragm and ptrotrude to Thoratic Cavity. causing pain and discomfort AKA: HIATAL HERNIA
What is the J shaped organ located under the Diaphragm?
Stomach
What are the 4 areas of the Stomach?
1. Cardiac Region- surrounds lower esophageal sphincter
2. Fundus - rounded portion
3. Body- large central part
4. Pylorus- most inferior part.right around Pylorid Sphincter
What is Rugae?
stomach wall arranged in large folds when empty
What area of the digestive system holds the most of the digestion activity? Why?
Small Intestine, contains many digestive secretions in its cells..& accessory organs
What are the Accessory Organs of the Small Intestine?
Pancreas, Gallbladder, Liver
Where do the Accessory Organs of the Small Intestine secrete their digestive juices to?
into the Duodenum (first section of the small intestine, following the stomach)1
What is the path for Chyme as it leaves the Stomach?
-into duodenum (in contact with gall bladder, pancreas, liver)
-digested by material from small intestine
Where is the Pancreas located and connected to Duodenum by?
-posterior to greater curvature of stomach
-conneced by Pancreatic Duct and Accessory Duct
How big is the Pancreas?
approx: 5in long and 1in thick
What is the Pancreas made up of? What do they secrete and where to?
-Acini Cells make up small exocrine glands within the organ.
-secrete pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes into one of the 2 major ducts leading to the Duodenum (pancreatic duct or smaller accessory duct)
Characteristics of Pancreatic Juice?
-clear,colorless
-composed of water, salt& enzymes
-pH =7.2-8.2
-important digestive enzymes
Where does Pancreatic Juice come from?
Acini Cells
What is Pancreatic Lipase?
-found in Pancreatic Juice
-continues digestion of LIPIDS
What digestive enzymes are found in Pancreatic Juice?
-Pancreatic Amylase
-Trypsin, Cymotrypsin, Carboxypepsidase
-Pancreatic Lipase
-RNA & DNA
What is Pancreatic Amylase? Where is it found?
-Located in Pancreatic Juice
-continues digestion of CARBS that aws started in the mouth
What does Alpha Cells produce and what does it break down?
-Produces Glucagon
-Breaks down Glycogen in liver
(raises blood sugar)
What do Beta Cells Produce and whats the function of it?
-produces Insulin
-binds glucose into liver
(lowers blood sugar)
Endocrine functions of Pancreas?
-secretes Glucogen and Insulin (both maintain glucose level in blood)
-^^ is produced in ISLETS OF LANGERHANS, composed of alpha and beta cells
What are the 4 lobes of the Liver? and what is the Liver held in place by?
-lobes = right, left, caudate& quadrate
-held by FALCIFORM LIGAMENT
What is Carbohydrate Metabolism?
-Liver digestive function
-helps maintain normal blood glucose level, under direction of Insulin and Glucagon
What is the main site of Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis?
Carbohydrate Metabolism (liver digestive)
What is Lipid Metabolism?
-liver important in stoarage of triglycerides.
-synthesizes cholesterol
(liver digestive)
What is Protein Metabolism?
-most important function of LIVER
-converts Ammonia (toxin) into Urea (less toxic)
What is Urea secreted by?
Kidneys
What is Ammonia (NH3) formed by?
a by-product of protein metabolism
Blood flow of the Liver?
-blood flows into Sinusoids (spaces in liver) through blood vessels.
-blood flow decreases in rate
-Sinusoids are lined with Kupffer Cells that destroy old RBC&WBC, bacteria, viruses
What accessory organ Detoxifies the blood?
Liver
Where is the Gallbladder located? and what's the main role?
- sac-like structure under lobe of liver
-stores and concentrates Bile
What is Cholecystokinin (CCK)? What does it do?
-hormone released in presence of fatty chyme.

-stimulates gall bladder to release bile into duodenum
Where do the Pancreas, Gallbladder, and Liver connect to Small Intestine?
the Duodenum by different ducts
Accessory Organs & Small Intestine ducts and path?
1) HEPATIC DUCTS transport bile out of liver into the COMMON HEPATIC, which joins with CYSTIC DUCT to form COMMON BILE DUCT which leads to HEPATOPANCREATIC SPHINCTER. &empties into duodenum.

Hepatic duct--Common Hepatic Duct+Cystic Duct=Common Bile Duct--Hepatoppancreatic Sphincter
What happens to Hepatopancreatic Sphincter when no digestion occurs?
stays closed, released bile backs up Cystic Duct into Gallbladder till needed
3 sections of Small Intestine?
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. ileum
What part of Small Intestine joins to the Large Intestine and at what point?
- ILEUM joins large intestine at ILEOCECAL VALVE
What is Mechanical Digestion of Small Intestine?
Segmentation- localized contractions of small intestine where there is Chyme.
Contractions mix Chyme with Digestive Juice.
**Peristalsis is important
What is Chemical Digestion of Small Intestine?
Brush Border Enzymes = Maltase, Lactase, Sucrase. -responsible for finishing digestion of carbs. (disaccharides to monosaccharides)
What are Pepsidases?
group of enzymes in Small intestine that finish digestion of proteins
What are Plicae Circularis?
large folds found in walls of Small Intestine
What is a Brush Border?
Microvilli that appear like small brushes under an electron microscope.
What is a Nephron?
2 different types?
-functional unit of the kidney.
approx 1.3 million in each kidney
-Cortical Nephron: glomerulous is in outer portion of cortex
-Juxtamedullary Nephron: glomerulus is deep in cortex
What is a Lacteal?
vessel of lymphatic system that absorbs fat
What is Glomerular Filtration?(kidneys)
-capsule all indented to form double layer chamber
-blood enters glomerulus by Afferent Arteriole
-blood pressure forces liquids to be disposed of (FILTRATE)
Where does Glomerular Filtration occur?(kidneys)
Renal Corpuscle (glomerulus+Bowmans Capsule)
What is Visceral Layer of kidneys composed of?
Podocyte Cells that wrap around Glomerular Capillaries
What is Filtrate?
what urine is derived from
What is Tubular Reabsorption? Where does it occur?
-Movement of certain substances from filtrate back into the blood.
-occurs in PCT
What is Tubular Secretion?
3rd process involved with Urine formation.
-removal of materials not needed by the body
-move from the blood to filtrate
Urine Formation?
fluid produced by kidneys that contains wastes or excess materials
What does Pancreatic Lipase do?
continues digestion of lipids
What Small Intestine enzymes finish Digestion of Proteins?
Peptidases
What is normal pH of Urine?
Usually around 6
What 3 things affect Filtration?
1. filtrate pressure
2. pooling- due to smaller diameter of efferent arteriole
3. size of holes
3 Primary functions of Urinary System to maintain Homeostasis?
1. control volume, pH &concentration of blood
2. regulate RBC production
3.Excreting metabolic wastes from cells by froming and eliminating urine
What is the series of pouchse on the Large Intestine called?
Haustra
4 Sections of Large Intestine?
1. Cecum
2. Colon
3. Rectum
4. Anal Canal
What substances are put back in after filtration and where are they put?
Filtrate is put back into the blood
What does Filtrate consist of?
water, glucose, amino acids and some sodium, chloride, and calcium
Significance of pH in digestive system? (mouth, stomach)
-Mouth: weak acidic, cauase most digestive enzymes are sensitive to pH and wont function in high acidity
-Stomach: highly acidic, denatures proteins, helps w/ immunity
How does urinary system maintain homeostasis?
control volume, pH and concentration of blood
What substances are filtered in the Renal Capsule(corpuscle)
water and dissolved solutes from blood
3 phases of Regulation of Stomach Secretion?
1. Cephalic Phase: 30%total gastric acid produced is stimulated by smell or taste of food
2. Gastric Phase: 60% the acid secreted is from distention of stomach with food
3. Intestinal Phase: 10% secreted when Chyme enters Small Intestine
What does Angiotensin II do?
-increases sense of thirst and secretion of ADH
-vasoconstrictor (decreases blood vessel size) increasing BP
What does Angiotensin II increase the secretion of?
Aldosterone (hormone of adrenal cortex)
Why does blood flow in Small Intestine?
where food enters blood
What is normal in Large intestine? Lumen size?
-Lumen = 5ft long, 2.5in diam.

-absorbs water from indigestible food & pass waste material
Why is pH level important in Stomach Digestion? What maintains the optimal pH?
enzymes won't work unless the pH is maintained

Hydrochloric acid maintains it
What is the role of Pepsin in digestion of the Stomach? How?
begins the digestion of proteins BY decreasing length and changing amino acid chain shapes
Mechanical Digestion in Large Intestine? 2 steps?
1. Haustral Churning: haustra remain relaxed as Chyme fills them, then walls squeeze Chyme into next Haustrum
2. Peristalsis: continues to occur in large intestine, but slower pace
Chemical Digestion in Large intestine? What causes it? Digestive enzymes?
-caused by bacteria (e.coli) of L.I.
-No Digestive enzymes
Tremendous amounts of Mucus is secreted from what Intestine?
Large Intestine
Bicarbonate/Carbonate Buffer System?
-maintains relatively constant plasma pH & counteract any potential altering force
-if equalibrium is shifted, carbonate &hydrogen combine to form BIcarbonate. (prevents altering of pH)
Pathology When abdominal organs protrude into Thoratic Cavity, due to ESOPHAGEAL HIATUS weakening diaphragm
Hiatal Hernia
How does Bolus travel from Esophagus to Stomach?
through LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (cardiac sphincter)
Where does Plyloric Sphincter lead to from Stomach?
Small Intestine
What is Pyloric Stenosis? What does it cause?
-narrowing of Pyloric Sphincter
-causes projectile vomiting in newborns
What are Peptic Ulcers (stomach)? Treatment?
-erosions that occur in wall of stomach and/or upper small intestine
-antibiotics
Name for procedure of Stomach?
Gastroplasty
What is Pancreatic Cancer?
-organ is well vascularized, so cancer can spread easily thru body (metastasis)
-difficult to treat
What is Cystic Fibrosis? (pancreas) What does it cause?
-hereditary, respiratory disease w/digestive aspect
-secretion of abnormally thick mucus causing breathing problems or death
What is diabetes mellitus? What does it cause?
-inability of body to produce insulin
-blood glucose levels rise & none reach cells
What is Jaundice? What does it cause?
-yellowing of skin &sclera of eyes
-causes problem with liver
What is Cirrhosis? What does it cause?
-wide spread destruction of LIVER cells by viral, drugs, alc
-Normal liver cells die &are replaced by connective tissue
What is Hepatitis? Causes?
-Inflammation of liver
-caused by viruses liver targeted viruses, alcohol, drugs.
Hepatitis A? How transmitted?
-Infections hepatitis
-spread by raw shellfish, contaminated food, feces-mouth rout
(restaurant employees wash hands)
Hepatitis B? How Transmitted?
-Serum Hepatitis
-spread by body fluids
-vaccine available
Hepatitis C? Treatment? Spread by?
-produces chronic liver infections
-spread by body fluids
-treated w/ prednisone &interferon (antiviral drug)
What are Gallstones?
bile becomes so concentrated that it crystallizes and blocks ducts of gallbladder
-surgically removed or destruction by med
-REFERRED PAIN
What are Carbs absorbed as in small inestine?
Monosaccharides
What are Protiens absorbed as in Small intestine?
amino acids
What are Lipids (triglycerides) absorbed as in Small intestine?
fatty acids &glycerol molecules
What are Hemorrhoids?
veins in anal canal ecome enlarged and inflamed
What is Gastrocolic Reflex?
forceful contractions that begin in middle of transverse colon and pushes chyme into rectum.
-food in stomach initiates
What is Gastro?
stomach
What is Chole?
Biles
What is Hepatic?
Liver
What is Diarrhea? causes?
-defacation of watery feces
-caused by increase peristalsis (not allowing enough time for water to be reabsorbed)
-dehydration can result
Constipation? causes?
-hard feces, due to decrease peristalsis
-feces in L.I. too long and too much water is absorbed
Colon Cancer? causes?
-2nd leading cause of cancer in US
-possible connection to low fiber-high fat diets +genetic
What is Polyp?
finger like benign tumors
What is Diverticulosis? Risks?
-less severe tumors
-polyps become inflamed
-pain discomfort & risk for colon cancer
What is Diverticulitis?
-MORE severe tumors
-perferates holes in L.I.
-severe pain
What is Ostomy?
-surgical procedure
-hole leading to outside of body to collect forming feces in pouch.
-removes inslamed parts of intestine
What is Ileostomy?
attatches ileum to a stoma on abdomen
What is Colostomy?
attatches portion of COLON to stoma on abdomen
Where are Nephrons found in kidney?
CORTEX
Where does Filtration happen?
Glomerulus
Where does Tubular Reabsorbtion happen?
starts at PCT
Where does Tubular Secretion Occur?
DCT
What is Renal Corpuscle composed of?
Glomerulus and Bowman's Capsule
What substances are Reabsorbed back into the blood?
Sodium ions, potassium, chloride, urea
What are the blood vessels around Loop of Henle?
VASA RECTA
Facultative water reabsorption?
bodies exerting control over amount of water reabsorbed
What is Diabetes Insipidus?
hyposecretion of ADH.
-massive amounts of urination
-dehydrating
What is Secretion?
removal of materials not needed by body. excreted in urine
What is Renal Calculus? Cause?
salts in urine will crystalize to insoluble stones (kidney stones)
What is Micturition?
urination
What is the loss of voluntary bladder control?
incontinence
What is the failure to Urinate?
Urinary Retention
Treatment for Cancer of the Bladder?
bladder removal, diversion is made surgically to replace
What is Urethra?
tube leading from floor of bladder to exterior.
(longer in male)
What is Dialysis?
separation of large solutes forms smaller ones throught selectively permeable membrane
(cleanses blood of waste)
What is Hemodialysis?
filters blood directly using artificial kidney machine
What is Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis?
sterile dialysis solution inserted into cavity through tube that has been surgically placed.
-.later drained and discared
The ability of organism to keep body temp within certain boundaries even with different surrounding temp?
THERMOREGULATION
What is Free Energy?
total amount of energy liberated by catabolism of food
How much Free Energy is typically lost to heat?
57%
Normal Body tempurature range?
98-100 degrees
Decrease in body tempurature cause body can't maintain normal temp?
Hypothermia
Increase in body tempuratre if body is unable to maintain normal temp?
Hyperthermia
What is heat transfer by EMISSION of infrared radiation?
Radiation
Heat transfer between objects that are IN CONTACT with each other? high to low temp
Conduction
Heat transfer between body and air or water?
Convection
Conversion of water from a liquid to a gas?
Evaporation of Perspiration
What is Vasodilation?
blood vessels dilate and bring blood to surface (BLUSHING)
What is Sweating?
evaporation of perspiration
What is Erector Pili?
lays hair down on skin; not trapping heat
How do Goosebumps keep warm?
stands hair up and traps heat near skin
Arterioles in skin shrink and contract to do waht?
conserve heat
What is the Hypothalamus?
thermo-regulatory center of brain causes shivering to warm up
Where are body receptors for detecting tempurature change?
hypothalamus and skin
What is Defacation?
releasing undigested material &waste during digestion
What are usually always involved in digestion?
ENZYMES!
What is Vestibule?
area of mouth between cheeks and gums
What is Glossectomy?
removal of tounge in cases of cancer of tounge
What is masication?
chewing
What is Sphincter Muscle?
circular muscle that constricts and opening
What is Dyspepsia?
pain in epigastric region
What is Dysphagia?
difficulty swallowing
What is Angina Pectoris? Treatment?
-chest pain from decrease in vessels in heart well
-nitroglycerin
What connects the stomach to small intestine?
Plyloric Sphincter
What materials CAN move from lumen to stomach and into blood vessels in Stomach Absorption?
water, electrolytes, some drugs, alcohol
What is Steatorrhea?
Fatty Stools
What are Plicae Circularis?
large folds found in walls of small intestine
What is Cecum of Large Intestine?
blind pouch right after ileocecal valve

connected to Veriform Appendix
What is Colon of Large Intestine? 4 subdivisions?
4 subdivisions:
-ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
What is Rectum of Large intestine?
straight muscular tube
-tunic muscularis is thicker here than anywehre else in digestive tract
What is Anal Canal?
-terminal 1inch of digestive tract
-internal sphincter, smooth muscle(involuntary)
-external sphincter, skeletal muscle (voluntary)
What is Nephrotosis (floating kidney)?
dislodged kidney and dops down.
can block urine flow
Regions of Kidney?
(outside, inside)
outside: CORTEX
inside: MEDULLA
Where is PCT, LOH, DCT, and CD found?
Renal Tubule
What is ADH?
antidiuretic hormone produced by Hypothalamus &released by pituitary gland

decreases urine