A&p1 Lab Final - Terms

Front 1

3 types of muscle tissue

Back 1

1. skeletal

2. cardiac

3. smooth

Front 2

Describe skeletal muscle (movement, appearance, nucleus):

Back 2

- voluntary

- striated

- multinucleate

Front 3

Describe cardiac muscle (movement, appearance, nucleus):

Back 3

- involuntary

- striated

- uninucleate or binucleate

Front 4

Describe smooth muscle (movement, appearance, nucleus):

Back 4

- involuntary

- nonstriated, spindle-shaped

- uninucleate

Front 5

the muscle's ability to receive and respond to a stimulus

Back 5

excitability (responsiveness)

Front 6

the muscle's ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated

Back 6

contractility

Front 7

the muscle's ability to extend or stretch

Back 7

extensibility

Front 8

the ability of a muscle cell to recoil and resume its resting length after stretching

Back 8

elasticity

Front 9

where muscle is attached to an immovable or less movable bone

Back 9

origin

Front 10

where muscle is attached to a movable bone

Back 10

insertion

Front 11

flexible but inelastic tissue attaching a muscle to a bone

Back 11

tendon

Front 12

a sheet of fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in sheetlike muscles with a wide area of attachment

Back 12

aponeurosis

Front 13

connective tissue that binds separate muscles into functional groups

Back 13

fascia

Front 14

the layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding a whole muscle

Back 14

epimysium

Front 15

the layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding each fascicle

Back 15

perimysium

Front 16

a group of muscle fibers within each skeletal muscle; resembles a bundle of sticks

Back 16

fascicle

Front 17

the layer of areolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber

Back 17

endomysium

Front 18

elongated skeletal and smooth muscle cells

Back 18

muscle fibers

Front 19

a muscle fiber's plasma membrane

Back 19

sarcolemma

Front 20

a muscle fiber's cytoplasm

Back 20

sarcoplasm

Front 21

hundreds to thousands of parallel-running rods that make up a single muscle fiber; 80% of cell volume

Back 21

myofibrils

Front 22

junction between a nerve's axon's branches and a single muscle fiber, connecting the brain and muscle

Back 22

neuromuscular junction (end plate)

Front 23

the force exerted by a contracting muscle on an object

Back 23

muscle tension

Front 24

the opposing force exerted on the muscle by the weight of an object

Back 24

load

Front 25

2 main categories of muscle contractions

Back 25

1. isotonic

2. isometric

Front 26

contractions in which the muscle length changes and moves a load

Back 26

isotonic contractions

Front 27

isotonic contractions in which the muscle shortens; ex. picking up a book, kicking a ball

Back 27

concentric contractions

Front 28

isotonic contractions in which the muscle generates force as it lengthens; ex. walking up a steep hill

Back 28

eccentric contractions

Front 29

muscle contractions in which the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens; occurs when a muscle attempts to move a load that is greater than the force the muscle can develop

Back 29

isometric contractions

Front 30

the slightly contracted state of a relaxed muscle; helps with joint stability and posture

Back 30

muscle tone

Front 31

the inability of a muscle to contract, even though it's still receiving stimuli; exhaustion

Back 31

muscle fatigue

Front 32

exercises such as swimming, jogging, or biking; stamina, no hypertrophy, aerobic

Back 32

endurance exercises

Front 33

exercises such as weightlifting that pit muscles against high-resistance forces; strength, leads to hypertrophy, anaerobic

Back 33

resistance exercises

Front 34

a combination of both aerobic and anaerobic exercises

Back 34

cross training

Front 35

4 functional groups of skeletal muscle

Back 35

1. agonist (prime mover)

2. antagonist

3. synergist

4. fixator

Front 36

the main muscle that produces a specific movement

Back 36

agonist (prime mover)

Front 37

the muscle that opposes or reverses a specific movement

Back 37

antagonist

Front 38

the muscle that helps prime movers by adding a little extra force or by reducing undesirable movements

Back 38

synergist

Front 39

type of synergist muscle that immobilizes a bone or a muscle's origin so that the prime mover has a stable base on which to act

Back 39

fixator

Front 40

4 main fascicle arrangements

Back 40

1. circular

2. convergent

3. parallel

4. pennate

Front 41

fascicular pattern in which the fascicles are arranged in concentric rings; ex. orbicularis oris

Back 41

circular

Front 42

fascicular pattern in which the muscle has a broad origin and its fascicles converge toward a single tendon or insertion; ex. pectoralis major

Back 42

convergent

Front 43

fascicular pattern in which the fascicles run along the long axis of the muscle; ex. sartorius

Back 43

parallel

Front 44

special type of fascicular pattern characterized by a spindle-shaped muscle with an expanded belly; similar to a parallel pattern; ex. biceps brachii

Back 44

fusiform

Front 45

fascicular pattern in which short fascicles attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of the muscle; like a feather

Back 45

pennate

Front 46

a rigid bar that moves on a fixed point (fulcrum) when a force is applied to it

Back 46

lever

Front 47

a fixed point on which a lever moves

Back 47

fulcrum

Front 48

applied force used to move a load

Back 48

effort

Front 49

the resistance moved by an effort (applied force)

Back 49

load

Front 50

when a load is close to the fulcrum and the effort applied is far from the fulcrum; power lever

Back 50

mechanical advantage

Front 51

when the load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied close to the fulcrum; speed lever

Back 51

mechanical disadvantage

Front 52

the master controlling and communicating system of the body

Back 52

nervous system

Front 53

3 overlapping functions of the nervous system

Back 53

1. sensory input

2. integration

3. motor output

Front 54

the information gathered by the millions of sensory receptors of the nervous system, monitoring changes inside and outside of the body

Back 54

sensory input

Front 55

the nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and decides what should be done at each moment

Back 55

integration

Front 56

the nervous system activates effector organs (the muscles and glands) to cause a response

Back 56

motor output

Front 57

the integrating and control center of the nervous system; the brain and spinal cord

Back 57

central nervous system (CNS)

Front 58

the part of the nervous system outside the CNS; consists mainly of nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord

Back 58

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Front 59

the part of the peripheral motor division that conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles; voluntary nervous system

Back 59

somatic nervous system

Front 60

the part of the peripheral motor division that regulates the activities of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands; involuntary nervous system

Back 60

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Front 61

2 main cell types of the nervous system

Back 61

1. neurons (nerve cells)

2. neuroglia (supporting cells)

Front 62

supporting cells that surround and wrap the more delicate neurons

Back 62

neuroglia (glial cells)

Front 63

4 types of neuroglia in the CNS

Back 63

1. astrocytes

2. microglial cells

3. ependymal cells

4. oligodendrocytes

Front 64

CNS neuroglia that support and brace neurons and anchor them to nutrient supply lines; most abundant and versatile

Back 64

astrocytes

Front 65

CNS neuroglia that monitor neuron health and phagocytize debris

Back 65

microglial cells

Front 66

CNS neuroglia that line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord, forming a permeable barrier

Back 66

ependymal cells

Front 67

CNS neuroglia that tightly wrap nerve fibers forming the insulating myelin sheath

Back 67

oligodendrocytes

Front 68

2 types of neuroglia in the PNS

Back 68

1. satellite cells

2. Schwann cells

Front 69

PNS neuroglia that surround neurons; similar functions to astrocytes of the CNS

Back 69

satellite cells

Front 70

PNS neuroglia that form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers; similar function to oligodendrocytes of the CNS

Back 70

Schwann cells

Front 71

the structural unit of the nervous system; conducts electrical signals

Back 71

neuron

Front 72

clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

Back 72

nuclei

Front 73

clusters of neuron cell bodies that lie along the nerves of the PNS

Back 73

ganglia

Front 74

extensions from the neuron cell body

Back 74

processes

Front 75

2 types of neuron processes

Back 75

1. dendrites

2. axons

Front 76

short, branching extensions of neuron cell bodies that receive signals from other neurons and relay the signal to the cell body

Back 76

dendrites

Front 77

long extensions of neuron cell bodies; generate and transmit nerve impulses

Back 77

axons

Front 78

bundles of neuron processes in the CNS

Back 78

tracts

Front 79

a bundle of neuron processes that transmits impulses of sensation between the brain or spinal cord and muscles or organs; PNS

Back 79

nerve

Front 80

cone-shaped area of the cell body where an axon arises

Back 80

axon hillock

Front 81

axon branches

Back 81

axon collaterals

Front 82

the end branches of an axon; 10,000 or more per neuron

Back 82

terminal branches

Front 83

the knoblike endings of an axon's terminal branches

Back 83

axon terminals

Front 84

a white, fatty covering that protects and electrically insulates nerves

Back 84

myelin sheath

Front 85

gaps between myelin sheaths that occur at regular intervals

Back 85

myelin sheath gaps (nodes of Ranvier)

Front 86

3 functional classes of neurons

Back 86

1. sensory neurons (afferent)

2. motor neurons (efferent)

3. interneurons

Front 87

a short-lived, localized change in membrane potential; can activate an action potential

Back 87

graded potential

Front 88

the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell; caused by graded potentials

Back 88

action potential

Front 89

an action potential in a neuron; typically generated only in axons

Back 89

nerve impulse

Front 90

the junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to the next (or to an effector cell)

Back 90

synapse

Front 91

the neuron conducting impulses toward a synapse

Back 91

presynaptic neuron

Front 92

the neuron conducting impulses away from the synapse

Back 92

postsynaptic neuron

Front 93

fluid-filled spaces within the brain; lined by ependymal cells

Back 93

ventricles

Front 94

3 brain ventricles

Back 94

1. lateral ventricles (x2)

2. third ventricle

3. fourth ventricle

Front 95

4 main brain regions

Back 95

1. cerebrum

2. diencephalon

3. brain stem

4. cerebellum

Front 96

brain region consisting of two cerebral hemispheres; 83% of total brain mass

Back 96

cerebrum

Front 97

deep grooves separating large regions of the brain

Back 97

fissures

Front 98

2 main brain fissures

Back 98

1. longitudinal fissure

2. transverse cerebral fissure

Front 99

shallow grooves in brain tissue

Back 99

sulci

Front 100

elevated ridges of brain tissue

Back 100

gyri

Front 101

3 layers of a cerebral hemisphere (superficial to deep)

Back 101

1. cerebral cortex

2. white matter

3. basal nuclei

Front 102

the "executive suite" of the nervous system; enables self-awareness, communication, memory, understanding, and voluntary movement

Back 102

cerebral cortex

Front 103

2 main functional areas of the cerebral cortex

Back 103

1. motor areas (anterior)

2. sensory areas (posterior)

Front 104

4 motor areas of the cerebral cortex

Back 104

1. primary motor cortex

2. premotor cortex

3. Broca's area

4. frontal eye field

Front 105

cerebral motor area that allows for skeletal muscle control and movement

Back 105

primary motor cortex

Front 106

cerebral motor area that helps plan and coordinate learned movements; ex. typing

Back 106

premotor cortex

Front 107

cerebral motor area that directs the muscles involved in producing speech; located on the left temporal lobe

Back 107

Broca's area

Front 108

cerebral motor area that controls voluntary eye movement

Back 108

frontal eye field

Front 109

areas of the cerebral cortex concerned with conscious awareness of sensation

Back 109

sensory areas

Front 110

8 sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

Back 110

1. primary somatosensory cortex

2. somatosensory association cortex

3. visual areas

4. auditory areas

5. olfactory cortex

6. gustatory cortex

7. vestibular (equilibrium) cortex

8. visceral sensory area

Front 111

sensory area that receives information from sensory receptors in the skin and proprioreceptors in skeletal muscles

Back 111

primary somatosensory cortex

Front 112

sensory area that integrates sensory inputs from the primary somatosensory cortex; identifies objects by size, texture, etc.

Back 112

somatosensory association cortex

Front 113

sensory area that receives information from the retina of the eye

Back 113

primary visual cortex

Front 114

sensory area that communicates with the primary visual cortex and uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli

Back 114

visual association area

Front 115

sensory area that receives and interprets sound (pitch, loudness, location)

Back 115

primary auditory cortex

Front 116

sensory area that perceives and recognizes sound stimuli

Back 116

auditory association area

Front 117

sensory area that interprets smell; also associated with the limbic system (emotions)

Back 117

olfactory cortex

Front 118

sensory area that perceives taste stimuli

Back 118

gustatory cortex

Front 119

sensory area responsible for conscious awareness of balance; located in the insular lobe

Back 119

vestibular (equilibrium) cortex

Front 120

sensory area involved in conscious perception of visceral sensations

Back 120

visceral sensory area

Front 121

complexly connected areas that receive inputs from senses and send outputs to multiple areas

Back 121

multimodal association areas

Front 122

3 main multimodal association areas

Back 122

1. anterior association area

2. posterior association area

3. limbic association area

Front 123

multimodal association area involved with intellect, complex learning abilities (cognition), recall, and personality; develops slowly

Back 123

anterior association area (prefrontal cortex)

Front 124

multimodal association area that recognizes patterns and faces, localizing us and our surroundings in space, and binding different sensory inputs into a coherent whole

Back 124

posterior association area

Front 125

multimodal association area that provides the emotional impact that makes a scene important to us

Back 125

limbic association area

Front 126

each brain hemisphere has abilities not completely shared by its partner; division of labor

Back 126

lateralization

Front 127

when a brain hemisphere has greater control over language abilities, math, and logic; the left hemisphere in 90% of people

Back 127

cerebral dominance

Front 128

brain hemisphere that usually has greater control over language, math, and logic

Back 128

left hemisphere

Front 129

brain hemisphere that usually has greater control over visual-spatial skills, artistic skills, intuition

Back 129

right hemisphere

Front 130

3 types of fibers comprising cerebral white matter

Back 130

1. association fibers

2. commissural fibers

3. projection fibers

Front 131

largest commissural fiber; allows the two sides of the brain to communicate

Back 131

corpus callosum

Front 132

3 structures of the diencephalon

Back 132

1. thalamus

2. hypothalamus

3. epithalamus

Front 133

brain area responsible for memory processing; gateway to the cerebral cortex

Back 133

thalamus

Front 134

brain area that maintains homeostasis; oversees the ANS

Back 134

hypothalamus

Front 135

brain area that houses the pineal gland; regulates sleep/wake cycle

Back 135

epithalamus

Front 136

"primitive" brain region that produces the automatic behaviors necessary for survival; ex. heart rate, breathing, sleeping, hunger

Back 136

brain stem

Front 137

3 main parts of the brain stem

Back 137

1. midbrain

2. pons

3. medulla oblongata

Front 138

brain area containing visual and auditory reflex centers

Back 138

midbrain

Front 139

visual reflex centers of the midbrain; coordinate head and eye movements

Back 139

superior colliculi

Front 140

auditory relay centers of the midbrain

Back 140

posterior colliculi

Front 141

brain area that relays information between the motor cortex and cerebellum

Back 141

pons

Front 142

brain area that receives instructions from the hypothalamus to control ANS functions and passes them along to the spinal cord

Back 142

medulla obongata

Front 143

brain region that subconsciously coordinates movements; ex. balance and posture

Back 143

cerebellum

Front 144

brain system mediating emotional response; also involved in memory processing

Back 144

limbic system

Front 145

structure of the limbic system responsible for long-term memory

Back 145

hippocampus

Front 146

brain system that keeps the cerebral cortex alert and filters out repetitive stimuli

Back 146

reticular formation

Front 147

connective tissue membranes that cover and protect the CNS, contain CSF, and form partitions in the skull

Back 147

meninges

Front 148

1. dura mater

2. arachnoid mater

3. pia mater

Back 148

3 meninges of the brain

Front 149

two-layered, strong, external meninx that attaches to the skull

Back 149

dura mater

Front 150

spaces between the two dura mater layers of the brain that collect venous blood

Back 150

dural sinuses

Front 151

infoldings of the dura mater that partition areas of the brain

Back 151

dural septa

Front 152

the loose, middle meninx

Back 152

arachnoid mater

Front 153

delicate, inner meninx that clings to the brain; full of tiny blood vessels

Back 153

pia mater