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203 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dutch humanist one of the greatest Christian philosophers of the renaissance.
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Erasmus
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Venetian merchant and traveler who lived at the court of the khans in China and later described his travels to a western audience.
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Marco Polo
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Moroccan diplomat and scholar who traveled throughout Asia and Africa and recorded his travels.
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Ibn Battuta
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Commoner who overthrew the Mongols and founded the Ming Dynasty
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Hongwu
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Encouraged Portuguese mariners and missionaries to take the lead in overseas exploration and expansion.
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Prince Henry
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Portuguese mariner who sailed down the west coast of Africa and around the Cape of Good Hope into the Indian Ocean.
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Bartolomeu Dias
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Genoese mariner who crossed the Atlantic Ocean and reached the Caribbean in 1492.
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Christopher Columbus.
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Chinese mariner who led a number of expeditions into the Indian Ocean
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Zheng He.
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Nestorian Christian priest sent by the ikhan of Persia as an envoy to the pope and European political leaders.
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Rabban Sauma
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English mariner who explored much of the Pacific ocean while seeing a northwest passage across North America
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James Cook
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Portuguese mariner who sailed around Cape of Good Hope, sailed up to the east coast of Africa and reached India.
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Vasco de Gama
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Iberian monarch who set up navigation schools and hired cartographers to create up-to-date maps
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Prince Henry
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Portuguese who first rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached the Indian Ocean
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Bartolomeu Dias.
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Spanish mariner who crossed the Pacific Ocean and died in the Philippines but whose ships succeeded in circling the globe.
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Ferdinand Magelian
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Iberian monarch who sponsored a daring trans-atlantic voyage in 1492
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King Fernando of Aragon.
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Genoese mariner who miscalculated distance from european west to Asia and stumbled on an unknown landmass.
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Christopher Columbus
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Portuguese admiral who seized in rapid succession, Hormuz, Goa, and Melaka
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Alfonso d'Alboquerque
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In order to divorce his queen, he severed ties between England and the Catholic Church
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Henry VIII
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The Sun King of France was the model of an absolute monarch
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Louis XIV
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With a telescope, he demonstrated that the moon and the planets were made of matter and confirmed that the planets revolved around the sun.
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Galileo Galilei
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The Polish mathematician theorized that if the sun were placed at the center of the heavens the orbits of the earth and the planets appeared more orderly
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Nicolaus Corpernicus
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ruler of a vast and scattered continental kingdom, he was never able to unify his holdings into a single kingdom
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Charles V
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the scottish economist argued that the self-interested capitalism was ultimately the best for the society as a whole
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Adam Smith
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An English mathematician his laws concerning gravitation and universal motion provided the rational explanation for the solar system.
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Isaac Newton
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The Protestant leader, with his strict doctrines of reformed Christianity, strongly influenced with the Reformation in Switzerland, France, the Netherlands and Scotland.
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John Calvin
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French satirist and social critic, his attacks on the state and the Catholic Church typified the spirit of the Enlightenment
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Voltaire
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This German monk attacked the Catholic sale of indulgences and launched the Reformation
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Martin Luther
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This foraging culture of the northwest coast of North America lived in permanent settlements
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Chinook
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This is the site of some of the most well-known cave paintings; most of them depict animals and are believed to reflect an effort to influence the outcome of the hunt.
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Lascaux
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One of the most significant archaeological finds in history, this skeleton dates back about 3.5 million years.
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Lucy
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Earliest known hominid genus (from four to one million years ago), these creatures walk upright, used tools, and traveled purposefully.
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Australopithecus
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These paleolithic people adorned themselves, created works of art, and worshipped fertility figures
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cro-magnon
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This site originated as a neolithic village and evolved into a large town with possibly 8000 inhabitants, many of whom were in specialized occupations.
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Catal Huyu
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These paleolithic peoples are associated with the first evidence of reflective thought because of their careful ritualized burial practices.
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Neanderthal
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These species flourished from a bout 1.5 million-200,000 years go. They knew how to control fire and could communicate complex ideas.
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Homo Erectus
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Indo-Europeans who built an empire with he technologies of chariots and iron weapons
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Hittites
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Independent city-states that influenced other societies through their trade and industry
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Phoenicians
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The earliest urban-based society in Mesopotamia, they developed cuneiform writing
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Sumerians
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Northern Mesopotamians who built an empire by first conquering Sumer
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Akkadians.
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Semitic patroral polytheists who settled the region of Palestine about 1850 BC
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Hebrews
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Empire under King Nebuchadnezzar who lavished wealth and resources on his capital
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Chaldeans
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Wave of Indo-Europeans who migrated into India and built powerful states
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Aryans.
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Group exiled by New Babylonian conquerors eventually returned to Judea
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Jews
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Powerful and intimidating army that built far-flung empire including Mesopotamia, Palestine and much of Egypt
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Assyrians.
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Religious cult of the central Andes. Followers built large temple complexes and created elaborate stone carvings
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Chav'n
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Large city of Mesoamerica that contained huge pyramids of the sun and the moon
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Teotihuacan
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Well-inegrated society of the south Pacific islands
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Lapita
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Mesoamerican culture responsible for sophisticated calendar and writings on the creation of humans
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Maya
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City that flourished in Mesoamerica from 300-900 CE. It contained the Temple of the Jaguar
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Tikal
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Early andean state noted for tis paintings on pottery
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Mochica
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People who used navigational and agricultural skills to establish settlements on Pacific islands
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Austronesians.
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Earliest known society with ceremonial centers in Mesopotamia
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Olmec.
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Jainist principle meaning nonviolence toward other living things or their souls
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ahimsa
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political handbook containing advice from Kautalya and others to the Gupta dynasty regarding principles fo government
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Arthashastra
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Song of the Lord, a short poetic work of India that clearly illustrated both the expectation and promise of Hinduism for its believers
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Bhagavad Gita
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The englightened being, a buddhist concept referring to inspirational individuals who had reached spiritual perfection but who intentionally delayed their salvation to help others
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Boddhisatva
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Basic Buddhist doctrine that including the teachings of the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path
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Dharma
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One of the great Indian epics ti was originally a love and adventure story and alter revised by scholars to bear Hindu values.
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Ramayand
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Subcastes that evolved out of occupational guilds. They assumed much of the responsibility for maintaining social order.
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Jati
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Highest, priestly caste that was increasingly challenged by popular new religious beliefs
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Brahmans
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The greater vehicle, branch of Buddhism that included the worship of the Buddha as a god
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Mahayana
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the state of perfect spiritual independence achieved through the escape from the cycle of incarnation
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Nirvana
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Female Pharaoh during the New Kingdom
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Matshepsut
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Imperialistic pharaoh of the New Kingdom
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tuthmosis III
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Ancient Greek historian who traveled to egypt and wrote about the culture
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Herodotus
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King of Kush who conquered Egypt
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Kashta G
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Promoted first monotheistic religion on record
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Amenhotep IV
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Name associated with legendary conqueror and unifier of Egypt
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Narmer
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Royal official and governor of Upper egypt who wrote autobiography
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Harkhuf
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Pharaoh who had largest pyramid in Egypt built for his tomb
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Khufu
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State in the Sichuan province that existed at the same time as the Shang
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Sanxingdui
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Capital of Zhou dynasty after royal court was forced to move further east because of nomadic invasions from the west
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Luoyang
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Legendary sage-king who brought harmony to his family and all states of China
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Yao
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Imporant archelogical excavation of neolithic village in Yellow River
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Banpo
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Traditional consider the first of the Chinese dynasties it established the precedent for hereditary monarchies
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Xia
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Legendary sage-king who was believed responsible for teachint flood control techniques int he earliest dynasty
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Yu
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Dynasty most associated with the production of oracle bones and bronze metallurgy
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Shang
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Dynasty that contributed some of the earliest works to Chinese
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Zhou
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First great conqueror fo the Achaemenid Dynasty, he expanded his holdings until they stretched from Egypt to India
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Cyrus
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This supreme god and benevolent creator was described in the zoroastrian religion
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Ahura Mazda
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This lydian king's defeat at the hands of the Persians was predicted by the oracle at Delphi
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Coresus
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This Sasanid ruler consolidated the empire's holdings and created buffer states between the Persians and the Romans
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Shapur I
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This prophet of the Zoroastrian religion had a series of visions that included a revelation about the cosmic conflict between good and evil
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Zarathustra
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Former commander for Alexander of Macedon, this an founded the dynasty that created the second Persian Empire
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Seleucis
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This intolerant Achaemenid emperor spent years trying to subjugate the Greek city-states but to no avail
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Xerxes
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This emperor ruled over an empire larger than the world had ever known and had the great classical city of Persepolis completed
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Darius
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Sage who contributed to the Daodejing
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LaoZi
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Confucian who emphasized the virtue of ren
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Mencius
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Unifier and founder of the Han dynasty
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Liu Bang
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Powerful first emperor who built a lavish tomb
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Qin Shihuangdi
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Radical minister who seized the throne and attempted a program of land reform
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Wang Mang
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Successful military leader of the Xiongnu
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Maodun
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Powerful administrator who based his policies on Legalist philosophy
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Shang Yang
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Important philosopher who wrote the Analects
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Mencius
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Semi-free agricultural laborers for Sparta
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Helots
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Hellenistic philosophy that argued for the pursuit of pleasure as the greatest good
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Epicurean
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Greek colony on the southern coast of what is present-day France
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Massalia
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Marble temple dedicated to the goddess Athena
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Panthenon
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Greek city that was destroyed during the volcanic eruption of 1628 BCE
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Akrotiri
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Plato's work in which he advocates states ruled by philosopher-kings
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The republic
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Greek epic that recounts the war between Greek warriors and the city of Troy
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Iliad
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Commercial cities and their surrounding regions that were the principle centers of Greek society
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Poleis
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Legendary founder of Rome along with his twin brother Remus
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Romulus
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Led most seriosu salve uprising in Roman History in 73 BCE
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Spartacus
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Ruthless general who seized Rome in 83 BCE slaughtered thousands of his enemies and strengthened the political power of the wealthy at the expense of the lower classes
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Sulla
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General who conquered Gaul, then went on to march on Rome and make himself dictator for life until he was assassinated in the forum
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Julius Caesar
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Follower of Jesus who was largely responsibly for the rapid spread of Christianity through the Roman Empire
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Paul of Tarsus
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Important god in Zoroastrian mythology who was popular among the Roman soldiers because he became associated with military virtues such as strength, discipine and courage
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Mithras
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Popular Roman tribune who advocated limiting the amount of conquered land that anyone could hold
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Tiberius Gracchus
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Persuasive orator and writer who contributed to making Stoicism one of the most prominent philosophies of Rome
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Cicero
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Took goods from Palmyra to the Mediterranean Basin
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Jews
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Contributed pepper, cotton, and exotic items like pearls
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India
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Contributed spices and mariners active in the sea trade
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Southeast Asia
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controlled sea trade int he Persian Gulf and overland trade within the empire
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Parthia
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Contributed manufactured goods like glass, art, olive oil, and wine and dominated the Mediterranean
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Rome
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Contributed fine silk and spices and was the easternmost extent of the trade route
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China
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Contributed horses and jade and dominated overland trade routes
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Central Asia
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Contributed ivory, tortoise shell, and slaves and dominated East African trade
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Rhapta
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Portion of the Malay peninsula dominated by wealthy Funan state
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Isthmus of kra
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Independent Hindu empire of southern India founded in 14th century
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Vijayangar
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Christian kingdom in region of africa now known as Ethiopia that maintained its independence while still being actively involved in Indian Ocean Trade
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Axum
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Centrally located island off the southern coast of India and a center of maritime trade
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Ceylon
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Northwest region of India first invaded by Islamic armies
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Sind
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Buddhist university city destryed by Muslim invaders
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Nalanda
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Capital city in southeast Asia built by the kings of the Khmers
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Angkor
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Took goods from Palmyra to the Mediterranean Basin
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Jews
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Contributed pepper, cotton, and exotic items like pearls
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India
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Contributed spices and mariners active in the sea trade
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Southeast Asia
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controlled sea trade int he Persian Gulf and overland trade within the empire
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Parthia
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Contributed manufactured goods like glass, art, olive oil, and wine and dominated the Mediterranean
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Rome
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Contributed fine silk and spices and was the easternmost extent of the trade route
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China
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Contributed horses and jade and dominated overland trade routes
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Central Asia
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Contributed ivory, tortoise shell, and slaves and dominated East African trade
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Rhapta
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Portion of the Malay peninsula dominated by wealthy Funan state
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Isthmus of kra
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Independent Hindu empire of southern India founded in 14th century
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Vijayangar
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Christian kingdom in region of africa now known as Ethiopia that maintained its independence while still being actively involved in Indian Ocean Trade
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Axum
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Centrally located island off the southern coast of India and a center of maritime trade
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Ceylon
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Northwest region of India first invaded by Islamic armies
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Sind
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Buddhist university city destryed by Muslim invaders
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Nalanda
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Capital city in southeast Asia built by the kings of the Khmers
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Angkor
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Powerful state that sponsored the spread of Islam throughout southeast
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Melaka
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Salijuq leader recognized by caliph of abbasid empire as sultan
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Teghril Beg
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Venetian merchant who served in adminstrative position during Yuan dynasty
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Marco Polo
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Reorganized army and began conquest of China and Persia
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Chinggis Khan
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Favorite wife of Mongol emperor she was Nestorian Christian
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Chabi
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Spent most of his adult life in conquest, sacked the city of Delhi
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Tamerland
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Charismatic leader who carved out a state in Anatolia and founded Ottoman empire
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Osman
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Founder of Yuan dynasty and ruler of China
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Khubilai Khan
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He led the Turks of Afghanistan on raids of northern India
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Mahmud of Ghazni
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Early kingdom in western Nigeria
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Benin
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Fictional work tracing lineage of Ethiopian kings to King DAvid
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Kebra Negast
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Sub-Saharan African slaves who staged revolt against slaveholders in Mesopotamia
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Zanj
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One of the busiest and most prosperous city-states on east African coast
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Kilwa
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Originally referred to wooden residences of chiefs in central Africa
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Zimbabwe
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Coasters or those who engage in sea trade along the east African coast
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Swahili
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Professional singer or storyteller who orally transmitted sub-Saharan African history
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Griots
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Ancient established trade center that served as terminus for caravan routes
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Gao
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Saliju8q Turk ruler who was true source of authority over later Abbasid emperors
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sultan
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independent Islamic power in Iberian Peninsula
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al-Andalus
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People with religious authority who set moral standards in local communities
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Utama
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House of Islam, referring to the entire Islamic Realm
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dar al-islam
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Islamic schools of higher education
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Madrasas
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One of the Five Pillars of Islam, Muslims that make a pilgrimage to Mecca
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Hajj
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The tax that the Umayyad dynasty levied on non-Muslims
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Jizya
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A letter of credit that facilitated long-distance trade
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Bakk
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The community of the faithful
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Umma
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Islamic holy law detailing the proper behavior of the faithful
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Sharia
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migration, Muhammad's move to Medina and the start of the Islamic calendar
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Hijra
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Muslim judges who helped resolve disputes in local communities
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quadis
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He began work on the Grand Canal to facilitate trade between the north and the south
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Sui Yangdi
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Considered one of the greatest poets in Chinese history
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Du Fu
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Author of the fictitious Tale of Genji
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Nurasaki Shikibu
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Ambitious and ruthless emperor of china in the seventh century
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Tang Taizong
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Military leader who led a rebellion that left the Tang in a permanently weakened state
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Au Lushan
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Buddhist monk who was responsible for popularizing his faith in China
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Xuanzang
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Philosopher who blended Confucian values with Buddhist thought
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Zhu Xi
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Emperor who consciously weakened the military and built up the bureaucracy
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Song Taizu
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King who defeated the Magyars, ending their threat to Europe
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Otto I
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Led forces to eliminate the vestiges of Roman authority in Gaul
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Clovis
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Pope who crowned an emperor on Christmas Day
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Leo III
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Albino elephant that was gift from Abbasid emperor
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Abu al-Abbas
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built a navy and constructed fortresses to protect his people from the Vikings
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Alfred
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Wrote a set of guidelines for monastic life
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Benedict
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Mobilized local resources and organized defense of Rome against the Lombards
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Gregory the Great
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consolidated the largest empire of early medieval Europe
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Charlemagne
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Led disastrous first campaign to reclaim the holy land from the Muslims
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Peter the Hermit
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King and founder of dynasty in France that gradually expanded its political influence
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Hugh Capet
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Led successful invasion of England and established new dynasty there
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William of Normandy
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Founder of highly successful mendicant religious order
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Francis of Assisi
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Muslim leader who defeated crusaders and recaptured Jerusalem
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Saladin
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Pope who excommunicated Henry IV during the investiture conflict
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Gregory VII
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Teacher at the university of Paris who attempted to reconcile reason and faith
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Thomas Aquinas
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Powerful patron of the arts, especially the troubadours
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Eleanor of Aquitaine
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They dominated the central valley of Mexico between the 10th and 12th century
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Toltec
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They built large earthen mounds for ceremonies and burials
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iroquois
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these settled cultivators lived in stone and adobe villages in the southwest of North America
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Pueblo
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These were the the traditional chieftains of Hawaii
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Ali'l nui
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this Mexica god of war required the sacrifice of human blood
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Huit Zilopochtli
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By the 15th century their Yucatan empire had faded into obscurity
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Maya
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The Feathered Serpent was a Mexica deity who protected arts, crafts and farming
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Quetzalc-atl
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Navigating only by winds and stars, these maritime people successfully negotiated thousands of miles of open water
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Polynesians
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This warrior society established control over a vast Andes Mountains empire
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Inca
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These invaders from the north seized control of central Mexico in the 14th century and built there a wealthy and powerful empire
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Mexica
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