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36 Cards in this Set
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- Back
Copernicus
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Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe. (p. 530)
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Galileo
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Published Copernicus's findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work. (p. 530)
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Newton, Isaac
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English scientist during the 17th century; author of Principia; drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity. (p. 530)
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absolute monarchy
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Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies. (p. 540)
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Glorious Revolution
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English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king. (p. 532)
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Smith, Adam
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Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces. (p.536)
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humanism
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Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages. (p. 524)
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Northern Renaissance
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Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c. 1450; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance. (p. 525)
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European-Style family
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Originated in the 15th century among the peasant and artisans of Western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis in the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married. (p. 525)
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Catholic Reformation
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Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs. (p. 526)
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Thirty Years' War
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War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia. (p. 526)
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proletariat
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Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries. (p. 528)
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scientific revolution
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Culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages. (p.530)
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Harvey, John
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English physician (17th century) who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as pump. (p. 530)
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Deism
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Concept of God current during the scientific revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun. (p. 531)
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Louis XIV
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French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy. (p. 532)
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Frederick the Great
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Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy. (p. 536)
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Wollstonecraft, Mary
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Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women. (p. 537)
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Renaissance
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Cultural and political movement in western Europe; began in Italy c. 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; featured a literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the Middle Ages. (p. 504)
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Francis I
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King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against holy Roman emperor. (p. 525)
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Luther, Martin
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German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of Church. (p. 525)
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Anglican church
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Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death. (p. 526)
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Jesuits
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A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North American and Asia. (p. 526)
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Treaty of Westphalia
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Ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion–either Protestant or Catholic. (p. 526)
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witchcraft persecution
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Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas. (p. 530)
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Kepler
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determined that a mathematical harmony supported a sun-centered theory of the universe
-believed planets path of orbit was elliptical |
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Descartes, René
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Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century); argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature. (p. 530)
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Locke, John
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English philosopher during 17th century; argued that people could learn everything through senses; argued that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants. (p. 531)
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mercantilism
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Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe. (p.540)
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Enlightenment
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Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior. (p. 536)
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Machiavelli, Niccolo
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Author of The Prince (16th century); emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of most influential authors of Italian Renaissance. (p. 524)
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Gutenberg, Johannes
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Introduced movable type to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets. (p. 525)
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Protestantism
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General wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief. (p. 526)
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Calvin, Jean
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French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America. (p.526)
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edict of Nantes
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Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions. (p.526)
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English Civil War
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Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king. (p. 527)
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