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45 Cards in this Set

  • Front
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What happened in the early 13th century?

long-standing obstacles to Mongol expansion were overcome, primarily because Chinggis Khan's leadership. The Mongols and allied nomads built an empire that stretched from the Middle East to the China Sea.

What did the Mongols do for nomadic society and culture?

the epitomized it

What did the Mongol's survival depend on?

the well-being of the herds of goats and sheep

What was the basic unit of Mongol society?

the tribe, which was divided into kin-related clans (members herded/camped together)

What happened when Mongol tribes were threatened?

the clans/tribes combined in great confederation

How were the leaders of the tribes chosen?

they were elected by free men in the group

women in tribes:

-exercised influence within the family


-had right to be heard in tribal councils


(men dominated leadership)

Kuriltai

meeting of all Mongol chieftains at which the supreme ruler of all tribes was selected

Khagan

title of supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes

tumens

basic fighting units of the Mongol forces, 10,000 warriors each, then further divided into units

Chinggis Khan's ambitions:

war-->defeating enemies


(Xi Xia and Jin Empires)

conquered people:

-famous scholars-->employed (Advisors/artisans)


-fought back-->killed/slaves


-surrendered-->pay tribute/live

Was Chinggis Khan open to new ideas?

yes, he was committed to building a world where the diverse people of his empire could live together in peace

Karakorum

capital of Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan

religions in Chinggis Khan Empire?

Chinggis Khan: nature spirits



all religions=tolerated

Batu

one of Chinggis Khan's grandsons, responsible for the invasion of Russia

Ogedei

third son of Chinggis Khan, succeeded Chinggis Khan as khan of Mongols after fathers death

Where did the Mongol commanders launch raids?

into Georgia and across the Russian steppe that set the stage for their conquest of the vulnerable Christian lands to the west

Golden Horde

one of the four subdivisions

Khanates

four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following Chinggis Khan's death

What did Mongol demands fall heavily upon?

Russian peasantry


(gave crops/labor to own princes and Mongol overlords)

As Moscow grew in strength ___

the power of the Golden Horde declined

Battle of Kulikova

Russian army victory over the forces of the Golden Horde, helped break Mongol hold over Russia

Mongol contributions to Russia:

-Moscow


-Orthodox Church


-military organizations/tactics


-political style of rulers



isolated from Christian lands

Prester John

mythical Christian monarch whose kingdom was cut off from Europe by Muslim Conquest, Chinggis Khan was originally believed to be this mythical ruler

Who defeated the Mongols?

in 1260 by the armies of the Mamluk

Baibars
Commander of Mamluk forces at Qin Jalut in 1260, originally enslaved by Mongold and sold to Egyptians
Berke
Ruler of Golden Horde, converted to Islam, his threat to Hulegu combined with growing power of Mamluks in Egypt forestalled further Mongol conquests in the Middle East
When did the Mongols gain control of China?
Mid-13th century, which they ruled for a century
Kubilai Khan

Grandson of Chinggis Khan, commander of Mongol forces responsible for the conquests of China, became khagan in 1260, established sinicized Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China in 1271

Mongol/Chinese diffusion?
Mongols retained distinct culture and social separateness-->laws
Tatu
Mongol capital of Yuan dynasty
Chabi
Influential wife of Kubilai Khan--BUDDHIST

Who did Kubilia Khan welcome?

-Muslims **


-Persians/Turks


-travelers/emissaries from foreign lands

The Polos

Venetian merchants who traveled through Asia--wrote travel accounts

Marco Polo

member of the Polo family--Kublia Khan's administrator for 17 years

Who did Kubilai Khan bolster the position of?

-artisan classes (didn't enjoy high status)



-merchants (low class for Confucians)

Mongol urbanism?

mongol elite became addicted to the diversions of urban life

The Romance of the West Chamber

most famous Chinese dramatic work written in Yuan period

Dynasty weakening:

-song loyalists raised revolts in the south


-popular hostility toward the foreign overlords was expressed more openly


-military defeat

Kubilai's successors:

lacked his capacity for leadership and cared little for the tedium of day to day administrators tasks

White Lotus Society

secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan Dynasty in China, typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule

Ju Yuanzhang

Chinese peasant who led successful revolt against Yuan, founded Ming Dynasty

Ming Dynasty

succeeded Mongol Yuan Dynasty, initially mounted huge trade expeditions to S Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal developments within China

Timur-i Lang

leader of Turkic nomads


(invaded China)