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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Pyramids
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Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs
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Hunting and gathering
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Means of obtaining subsistence by human species prior to the adaptation of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of band social organization
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Axum
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Kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; replaced Mero‘ in first century C.E.; received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity
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Chiefdom
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Widely diffused pattern of social organization in the Americas; featured chieftains who ruled from central towns over a large territory including smaller towns or villages that paid tribute; predominant town often featured temples and priest class
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Akhenaton
[Šk nŠt n, Š kuh-] |
Egyptian pharaoh of the New Kingdom; attempted to establish a one-god religion, replacing the traditional Egyptian pantheon of gods
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Savages
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Societies engaged in either hunting or gathering for subsistence or in migratory cultivation; not as stratified or specialized as civilized and nomadic societies
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Chichin Itza
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Originally a Mayan city; conquered by the Toltec c. 1000 and ruled by Toltec dynasties; architecture featured pyramid of Feathered Serpent (Quetzalcoatl)
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Neolithic revolution
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The succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500 - 3500 B.C.E.
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Cuneiform
[kyU nEE uh form] |
A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets
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Culture
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Combinations of the ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction
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Babylonian Empire
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Unified all of Mesopotamia c.1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 B.C.E.
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Neolithic Age
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The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished
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Ziggurats
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Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes
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Monotheism
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The exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization
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Jomon Cculture
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Created by early migrants to Japan after 3000 B.C.E.; hunting-and-gathering people, produced distinctive pottery form
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Animism
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A religious outlook that sees gods in many aspects of nature and propitiates them to help control and explain nature; typical of Mesopotamian religions
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Matrilocal
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A culture in which young men upon marriage go to live with the brides’ families
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Paleolithic Age
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The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence
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Bronze Age
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From about 4000 B.C.E., when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 B.C.E., when iron began to replace it
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Sumerians
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People who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E.; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states
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Chimu State
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Regional Andean chiefdom that flourished from 800 to 1465 C.E.; fell to Incas
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Pastoralism
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A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies
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Aztecs
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The Mexica; one of the nomadic tribes that used political anarchy after fall of the Toltec to penetrate into the sedentary agricultural zone of Mesoamerican plateau; established empire after 1325 around shores of Lake Texcoco
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Ball games
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Ritual elements of many American cultures; played on formal courts; religious significance required that losing teams pay penalty of forfeiture of goods or their lives
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Jericho
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Early walled urban culture site based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern Israeli-occupied West Bank near Jordan River
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Archaic cultures
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Hunting-and-gathering groups dispersed over the American continents by 9000 B.C.E.
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Chichimecs
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American hunting-and-gathering groups; largely responsible for the disruption of early civilizations in Mesoamerica
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Narmer
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First pharaoh of Egyptian Old Kingdom; ruled c. 3100 B.C.E.
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City-State
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A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king
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Mesopotamia
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Literally “between the rivers”; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris & Euphrates river valleys
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Patriarchal
[pAY trEE Šr kÕl] |
Societies in which women defer to men; societies run by men and based on the assumption that men naturally directed political, economic, and cultural life
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Kush
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An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries
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Potter’s wheel
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A technological advance in pottery making; invented c. 6000 B.C.E.; encouraged faster and higher-quality ceramic pottery production
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Hieroglyphs
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The form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform
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Shifting cultivation
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An intermediate form of ecological adaptation in which temporary forms of cultivation are carried out with little impact on the natural ecology; typical of rainforest cultivators
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Sargon I
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Ruler of city-state of Akkad; established the first empire in Mesopotamian civilization c. 2400 B.C.E.
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Epic of Gilgamesh
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The first literary epic in Western civilization; written down c. 2000 B.C.E.; included story of Great Flood
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Polis
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City-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 B.C.E. (pl. poleis)
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Hammurabi
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The most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law
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Polygamy
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Marriage practice in which one husband had several wives; practiced in Aryan society
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Nomads
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Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as “barbarians” by civilized societies
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Neanderthals
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Species of genus Homo that disappeared at the end of the Paleolithic period
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Chav’n culture
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Appeared in highlands of Andes between 1800 and 1200 B.C.E.; typified by ceremonial centers with large stone buildings; greatest ceremonial center was Chav’n de Huantar; characterized by artistic motifs
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Natufian complex
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Pre-agricultural culture; located in present-day Israel, Jordan, and Lebanon; practiced the collection of naturally present barley and wheat to supplement game; typified by large settlement sites
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Homo sapiens
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The humanoid species that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period
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Civilization
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Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of non-farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups
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Ayllus
[Šy zhoos] |
Households in Andean societies that recognized some form of kinship; traced descent from some common, sometimes mythical ancestor
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Polyandry
[pol EE an drEE] |
Marriage practice in which one woman had several husbands; recounted in Aryan epics
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Minoan
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A civilization that developed on the island of Crete c. 1600 B.C.E.; capital at the palace complex of Knossos
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Anasazi
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“The ancient ones” culture located in southwestern United States; flourished from 200 to 1200 C.E.; featured large multistory adobe and stone buildings built in protected canyons or cliffs
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Band
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A level of social organization normally consisting of 20 to 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis
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Pharaoh
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Title of kings of ancient Egypt
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Phoenicians
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Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean
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Hittites
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An Indo-European people who entered Mesopotamia c. 1750 B.C.E; destroyed the Babylonian empire; swept away c. 1200 B.C.E.
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Horizon
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Archeological term for a period when a broad central authority seems to have integrated a widely dispersed region
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Matrilineal
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Family descent and inheritance traced through the female line
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‚atal HŸyŸk
[chŠt l hU yook] |
Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification
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Mummification
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The act of preserving the bodies of the dead; practiced in Egypt to preserve the body for enjoyment of the afterlife
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Agrarian revolution
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Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture
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