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59 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Pyramids
Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs
Hunting and gathering
Means of obtaining subsistence by human species prior to the adaptation of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of band social organization
Axum
Kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; replaced Mero‘ in first century C.E.; received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity
Chiefdom
Widely diffused pattern of social organization in the Americas; featured chieftains who ruled from central towns over a large territory including smaller towns or villages that paid tribute; predominant town often featured temples and priest class
Akhenaton

[Šk nŠt n, Š kuh-]
Egyptian pharaoh of the New Kingdom; attempted to establish a one-god religion, replacing the traditional Egyptian pantheon of gods
Savages
Societies engaged in either hunting or gathering for subsistence or in migratory cultivation; not as stratified or specialized as civilized and nomadic societies
Chichin Itza
Originally a Mayan city; conquered by the Toltec c. 1000 and ruled by Toltec dynasties; architecture featured pyramid of Feathered Serpent (Quetzalcoatl)
Neolithic revolution
The succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500 - 3500 B.C.E.
Cuneiform

[kyU nEE uh form]
A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets
Culture
Combinations of the ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction
Babylonian Empire
Unified all of Mesopotamia c.1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 B.C.E.
Neolithic Age
The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished
Ziggurats
Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes
Monotheism
The exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization
Jomon Cculture
Created by early migrants to Japan after 3000 B.C.E.; hunting-and-gathering people, produced distinctive pottery form
Animism
A religious outlook that sees gods in many aspects of nature and propitiates them to help control and explain nature; typical of Mesopotamian religions
Matrilocal
A culture in which young men upon marriage go to live with the brides’ families
Paleolithic Age
The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence
Bronze Age
From about 4000 B.C.E., when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 B.C.E., when iron began to replace it
Sumerians
People who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E.; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states
Chimu State
Regional Andean chiefdom that flourished from 800 to 1465 C.E.; fell to Incas
Pastoralism
A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies
Aztecs
The Mexica; one of the nomadic tribes that used political anarchy after fall of the Toltec to penetrate into the sedentary agricultural zone of Mesoamerican plateau; established empire after 1325 around shores of Lake Texcoco
Ball games
Ritual elements of many American cultures; played on formal courts; religious significance required that losing teams pay penalty of forfeiture of goods or their lives
Jericho
Early walled urban culture site based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern Israeli-occupied West Bank near Jordan River
Archaic cultures
Hunting-and-gathering groups dispersed over the American continents by 9000 B.C.E.
Chichimecs
American hunting-and-gathering groups; largely responsible for the disruption of early civilizations in Mesoamerica
Narmer
First pharaoh of Egyptian Old Kingdom; ruled c. 3100 B.C.E.
City-State
A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king
Mesopotamia
Literally “between the rivers”; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris & Euphrates river valleys
Patriarchal

[pAY trEE Šr kÕl]
Societies in which women defer to men; societies run by men and based on the assumption that men naturally directed political, economic, and cultural life
Kush
An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries
Potter’s wheel
A technological advance in pottery making; invented c. 6000 B.C.E.; encouraged faster and higher-quality ceramic pottery production
Hieroglyphs
The form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform
Shifting cultivation
An intermediate form of ecological adaptation in which temporary forms of cultivation are carried out with little impact on the natural ecology; typical of rainforest cultivators
Sargon I
Ruler of city-state of Akkad; established the first empire in Mesopotamian civilization c. 2400 B.C.E.
Epic of Gilgamesh
The first literary epic in Western civilization; written down c. 2000 B.C.E.; included story of Great Flood
Polis
City-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 B.C.E. (pl. poleis)
Hammurabi
The most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law
Polygamy
Marriage practice in which one husband had several wives; practiced in Aryan society
Nomads
Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as “barbarians” by civilized societies
Neanderthals
Species of genus Homo that disappeared at the end of the Paleolithic period
Chav’n culture
Appeared in highlands of Andes between 1800 and 1200 B.C.E.; typified by ceremonial centers with large stone buildings; greatest ceremonial center was Chav’n de Huantar; characterized by artistic motifs
Natufian complex
Pre-agricultural culture; located in present-day Israel, Jordan, and Lebanon; practiced the collection of naturally present barley and wheat to supplement game; typified by large settlement sites
Homo sapiens
The humanoid species that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period
Civilization
Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of non-farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups
Ayllus

[Šy zhoos]
Households in Andean societies that recognized some form of kinship; traced descent from some common, sometimes mythical ancestor
Polyandry

[pol EE an drEE]
Marriage practice in which one woman had several husbands; recounted in Aryan epics
Minoan
A civilization that developed on the island of Crete c. 1600 B.C.E.; capital at the palace complex of Knossos
Anasazi
“The ancient ones” culture located in southwestern United States; flourished from 200 to 1200 C.E.; featured large multistory adobe and stone buildings built in protected canyons or cliffs
Band
A level of social organization normally consisting of 20 to 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis
Pharaoh
Title of kings of ancient Egypt
Phoenicians
Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean
Hittites
An Indo-European people who entered Mesopotamia c. 1750 B.C.E; destroyed the Babylonian empire; swept away c. 1200 B.C.E.
Horizon
Archeological term for a period when a broad central authority seems to have integrated a widely dispersed region
Matrilineal
Family descent and inheritance traced through the female line
‚atal HŸyŸk

[chŠt l hU yook]
Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification
Mummification
The act of preserving the bodies of the dead; practiced in Egypt to preserve the body for enjoyment of the afterlife
Agrarian revolution
Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture