Ap World History Ch 21-22

Front 1

Ottoman Empire

Back 1

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman empire was based at Istanbul from 1453-1922

Front 2

Suleiman the magnificent

Back 2

(1494-1566) The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman empire (r.1520-1566) "The Lawgiver" expanded empire in the Balkans and Eastern Mediterranean

Front 3

Janissary

Back 3

infantry, originally slaves, Ottoman army

Front 4

devshirme

Back 4

"selection" in Turkish. System in which boys from Christian communites were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries

Front 5

Tulip Period

Back 5

(1718-1730) European styles and attitudes became briefly popular in Istanbul

Front 6

Safavid Empire

Back 6

Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi who declared Iran a Shi'ite state

Front 7

Shi'ite Islam

Back 7

branch of Islam that believes the leader of the community should be a descendent of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali; state religion of Iran

Front 8

Hidden Imam

Back 8

last in a series of 12 descendents of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community.

Front 9

Shah Abbas I

Back 9

Abbas the Great (1571-1629) Shah of Iran; most illustrious ruler of the Safavid empire, moved capital to Isfahan in 1598, where he erected many palaces, mosques, and public buildings

Front 10

Mughal Empire

Back 10

Muslim state (1526-1857) exersizing dominion over most of India in the 16th and 17th centuries

Front 11

Akbar

Back 11

(1542-1605) most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605) expanded empire and pursued a policy of concilation with Hindus, very tolerant about religion

Front 12

mansabs

Back 12

in India, grants of land given in return for service by the rulers of the Mughal Empire

Front 13

Rajputs

Back 13

members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar I married a Rajput princess

Front 14

Sikhism

Back 14

Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, Sikh warriors mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule

Front 15

Acheh Sultanate

Back 15

Muslim kingdom in northern Sumatra. Main center of Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia in the early 17th century, it declined after the Dutch seized Malacca from Portugal in 1641

Front 16

Oman

Back 16

Arab state based in Musqat, the main port in the southwest region of the Arabian peninsula. Oman succeeded Portugal as a power in the western Indian Ocean in the 18th century

Front 17

Swahili

Back 17

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa

Front 18

Batavia

Back 18

fort established ca. 1619 as headquarters of the Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta

Front 19

Jesuits

Back 19

members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe

Front 20

Siberia

Back 20

extreme northeastern sector of Asia, including the Kamchatka Peninsula and the present Russian coast of the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait, and the sea of Okhotsk

Front 21

Muscovy

Back 21

Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598

Front 22

tsar

Back 22

(czar) from Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r.1462-1505)

Front 23

Mikhail Romanov

Back 23

(1596-1645) Russian tsar (r.1613-1645) member of the Russian aristocracy, he became tsar after the old line of Muscovite rulers was deposed

Front 24

Cossacks

Back 24

peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the 16th and 17th centuries

Front 25

Peter the Great

Back 25

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r.1689-1725) enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg

Front 26

autocracy

Back 26

theory justifying strong, centralized rule, such as by the tsar in Russia or Haile Selassie in Ethiopia. The autocrat did not rely on the aristocracy or the clergy for his or her legitimacy

Front 27

serfs

Back 27

in medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some serfs worked as artisans and in factories; serfdom was not abolished there until 1861

Front 28

Ming Empire

Back 28

(1368-1644) empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. The later years of the Ming saw a slowdown in technological developement and economic decline

Front 29

dalai lama

Back 29

originally a title meaning "universal priest" that the Mongol khans invented and bestowed on a Tibetan lama (priest) in the late 1500s to legitimate their power in Tibet. Subsequently, the title of the religious and political leader of Tibet

Front 30

Manchus

Back 30

federation of northeast asian peoples who founded the Qing empire

Front 31

Qing Empire

Back 31

empire established in china by manchus who overthrew the Ming empire in 1644. at various times the Qing also controlled Manchuria, mongolia, turkestan, and tibet. the last Qing emperor was overthrown in 1911.

Front 32

Kangxi

Back 32

(1654-1722) Qing emperor (r. 1654-1722) oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing empire

Front 33

variolation

Back 33

technique of enhancing immunity by exposing patients to dried mucuous taken from those already infected

Front 34

Macartney Mission

Back 34

(1792-1793) the unsucceful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire

Front 35

Tokugawa Shogunate

Back 35

(1600-1868) the last of the three shogunates of Japan

Front 36

samurai

Back 36

literally "those who serve", the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa shogunate

Front 37

madrasas

Back 37

religious colleges

Front 38

ulama

Back 38

religious scholars

Front 39

raya

Back 39

"flock of sheep"

Front 40

askeri

Back 40

military

Front 41

yeni cheri

Back 41

new troops, Janissary in Turkish

Front 42

qzilbash

Back 42

"redheads" because of distinctive turbans, members of Safavi brotherhood