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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Post 7 years war
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different expectations
americans expect things to return back to the way they were before (salutary neglect) british want to centralize the empire |
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Pontiac's rebellion
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indians have lost trade with France
rebellion confirms GB fears leads to proclamation of 1763 |
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Proclamation of 1763
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GB prohibits colonial western expansion past the Appalachians
eased Indian unrest confined the colonials to the coast (easier to control) |
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Grenville Acts
Why? |
GB has war debts
relatively low taxes in america resistance to taxes at home |
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sugar act
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not too many affected by it b/c didn't buy sugar, but issue was that tried in ADMIRALTY COURTS
GB actually enforces the tax |
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Currency Act
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Colonies cannot pay taxes or debts with colonial money, only GB money (Grenville Acts)
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Quartering Act
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colonies had to house and feed troops (Grenville Acts)
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Stamp Act
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Grenville Acts
tax on various paper goods solely based on revenue (the others were more regulatory laws) admiralty courts colonies upset b/c this is type of tax that the colonial assemblies shoud make for the colonies *Amercians have always been used to self-taxation |
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Zenger trial
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Zenger put on trial for criticizing the royal gov of NY
Judge finds him not guilty Zenger become symbol of Freedom of the Press (example of Americans having diffferent values than GB) |
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Stamp Act Resolves
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by Patrick Henry
against the Stamp Act- Parl doesn't have the right to tax the colonies but not all his resolutions adopted |
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The Opposition
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against the Grenville acts b/c violate natural rights to property and liberty (Locke)
aka Country Party British can't tax them |
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Stamp Act Congress
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in NY
doesn't think the STamp Act is legit Isaac Barre (Parl Member) calls americans sons of Liberty |
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Sons of Liberty
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Lawyer, merchants, wealthy artisans
organize lower classes in seaports-->mobs generally little violence mobs originally against Catholics |
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Daughters of LIberty
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women rebelled- manufactured goods at home and boycotted British goods
non-importation campaigns |
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Declatory Act
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After repeal of Stamp Act
says Parl can make any laws they want |
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Townshend Acts
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taxes on lead, paint, paper, glass and TEA from GB
troops come in admiralty courts |
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Boston Massacre (1770)
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colonists heckle Brit. soldiers around customshouse
accidental shot fired- 5 american killed (But called a massacre) -->GB repeals quartering act and troops removed from Boston |
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Gaspee
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British ship that chases smugglers
burned down-->British investigate and bypass colonial court system American resistance revived |
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Committees of Correspondence
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established by colonial assmeblies
American rights and grievances Samuel Adam's idea new communication networks- resistance spread to rural areas |
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Tea Act of 1773
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(repeal of Townshend taxes except tax on TEA)
monopoly to get money for East Inda Company only affected the merchants, but Americans see it as parliament asserting power |
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Boston Tea Party
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Sam Adams
Americans dressed as Indians boarded tea ships and dumped the tea into the ocean (in reaction to Tea Act of 1773) -->British- Coercive Acts |
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Coercive Acts
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Boston Port Bill
Massachusetts Gov Act royal officals acccused of a crime can be tried in England Now ppl suspicious of all GB political leaders and Parl (but not really the king himself) |
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Quebec Act
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around same time as Coercive Acts
GB established colony in Canada that had no representative assembly and was catholic -->angers the colonies |
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First Continental Congress (1774)
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Philadelphia, delegates from all 13 colonies
the association=not going to trade with GB pledged loyalty to the king, but also urged the colonies to gather arms, just in case they have to fight for their rights *want to go back to salutary neglect take the middle course |
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suffolk resolves
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proposed by Sam Adams and Paul Revere during First Continental Congress
attacked the coercive acts and called for civil disobedience some were approved, but not the ones to prepare for war |
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Immediate causes of the Revolution (triggers)
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stamp act, townshend taxes, tea act, how americans responded to the taxes, British ineptitude (kept creating new taxes), American's belief that Brit were conspiring against them
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long term causes of the Revolution
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*misunderstanding btw colonies and Britain (colonies did not want independence in the beginning)
*growing differences btw America and GB (new nationality) evolution before revolution American habit of self-gov American Republicanism |
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Lexington and Concord (April 1775)
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American Revolution begins!
mysterious first shot British retreat to Boston |
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Second Continental Congress (1775)
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organizes the Continental Army w/ George Washington
Olive Branch Petition- loytalty to king, please be nice to us, but king rejects that |
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Battle of Bunker Hill
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costly British victory
(but Americans still fighting for their rights as Englishmen b/c before the Dec of Ind) |
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Common Sense (1776)
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THOMAS PAINE
attacks King George III severs ties of colonial allegiance to the king logic of independence they colonies are better of w/o the British *they need to fight for independence |
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Declaration of Independence
(signed on July 4, 1776) |
colonies had voted for independence
only thing argued about was that the king forced slavery upon them, but the south needed slavery (so that was cut out of it) *Thomas Jefferson 1st part=Americans no longer consider themselves English 2nd part= denied England any authority in the colonies- blamed George III *equality |
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Battle of Trenton (1776)
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Americans defeat the Hessians there
*one of Americans' first victories |
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Hessians
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German mercenaries
fought with the British worst kind of soldiers- raped American women, brutally killed |
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Loyalists
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supporters of the king and Parl
aka torries division btw rebels and loyalists but loyalists never became numerous enough to be a threat |
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Valley Forge (1777)
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after Howe defeats Washington at Brandwine and Germantown, Washington retires to Valley forge for winter camp
continental Army down to 5000 troops- struggling |
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Battle of Saratoga (1777)
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Turning point of the War- victory for Americans- a whole british army captured by Horatio Gates
-->alliance with France (Ben Franklin) |
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Battle of Yorktown (1781)
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Cornwallis surrenders!
the war is over |
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Treaty of Paris (1783)
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recognized US independence
US gets more land from Britain- west of the Missipp R. (GB gives them the land b/c of realpolitik) |
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State Constitutions
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similar to old colonial charters, but totally changed the balance of power- decreased exec power but increase legis power
very democratic |
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Social Results of the Revolution
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changes for women (barely)
change in lives of blacks= nothern colonies abolish slavery, but not in south loyalists suffered the most |
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Economic results of the Revolution
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US economy= poor
arguments over western land claims- landed vs. landless states- Virginia gave its huge western land claime to national gov |
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Articles of Confederation (1781)
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1st US constitution- governed the US during postwar period
was more important than people think *had not power to levy taxes or regulate trade *no exec branch * but ppl didn't want a very strong central gov (whole point of the rev) |
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who didn't like the articles of confederation?
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NATIONALISTS
people who had money opposed it b/c US was too weak- had no money to do anything ex) G. Washington, Abigail Adams, Hamilton |
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Land Ordinance (1785)
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solving what to do with the west
changed Jefferson's plan created townships, guaranteed public education sold the towships as private property, so wasnt that successful b/c couldn't afford the land |
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787
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system of creating new states out of the northwest lands
3-5 states, each new state would be treated equally (so original states diluting their own powers) *prohibited the spread of slavery! the states would have a const. and Bill of Rights |
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Two events that make people to see that US needs a stronger central gov
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foreign: Jay-Gardoqui Treaty (1785)- treaty w/Spain over the Mississippi R.
domestic: Shays' Rebellion- shows ind. states could not maintain order in their own territories |
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Constitutional Convention
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delegates=young, gentlemen of money, from all 13 colonies except Rhode Island
leader= G. Washington all recognized need for stronger national gov in Philadelphia |
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Virginia Plan
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Madison's plan at Constitutional Convention (1787)
national republic w/3 branches, bicameral, reps to houses determined by pop., a president some is used in the actual Const. but the New Jersey Plan (patterson) rejected |
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Compromises of the Constitution
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Great Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise Commerce Compromise |
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Great Compromise
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established a bicameral legis
house of reps (lower house) apportioned by population senate (upper house) apportioned equally- 2 senators per state *benefitted the SOUTH |
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Three-Fifths Compromise
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for purpose of determining representation (population), five slaves=3 free whites
importation of slaves could NOT be banned for 20 yrs *benefitted the SOUTH |
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Commerce Compromise
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a majority vote would be required for commercial legislation (the South had wanted 2/3 vote- South did not want commerce regulation but north did)
but no export tarriffs, just import tarriffs (benefitted the South b/c it was huge exporter) 2/3 vote required to approve all treaties w/ foreign nations |
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undemocratic elements of the Constitution
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Judiciary NOTchosen by the people- but by the Executive
Executive NOT chosen by the people, but by electoral college Senate NOT chosen by the people but by state legis (*only house of reps chosen by the people) |
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Electoral College
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voters choose people to elect the President- the executive is not selected by a direct vot of the people
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Why did the founding fathers not want to create a democratice gov, but a representative gov?
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then there would be equality of everyone, including women and slaves
a democracy would equally represent the minority- a mobocracy would be too extreme *excess of democracy |
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Republican Motherhood
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result of the revolution
for wome, but still no political rights |
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Amendment process of Const.
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*very difficult
2/3 of each house of Congress and 3/4 of state legislatures must agreed to any proposed amendment |
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Bill of Rights
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10 amendments- basic terms for defining personal liberty in the US, established clear safeguards
Anti-Confeds demanded B of R so Madison promised one right after Const. ratified B of R ratified May 1790 |
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elastic clause
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in Constitituion- a valuable loophole- "necessary and proper" clause which allows for expansion of federal responsibilities
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checks and balances
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each branch has limited powers
each branch prevents the others from gaining too much power |
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What is not in the Constitution?
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Political Parties
national bank powerful federal gov an extremely powerful president |
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concurrent powers
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powers that both Congress and state legislatures have- their authority overlaps at many points (taxation, public welfare)
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double jeopardy
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being unconstitionally tried for the same crime twice when not on appeal from a lower court. once you have been found innocent, you are innocent forever of that charge
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Due process
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5th amendment to Const
prohibit the US from depriving any person of his life, liberty, or property under normal processes of law (can't just take someon's property, but can buy it) |
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Ex post facto law
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a law which declares an act illegal although it was actually legal when it was committed- not permitted according to US const.
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Federalism
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system of gov involving a central gov w/ complete sovereign powers and separate govs w/ subordinate powers
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Habeas corpus
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a right derived from English common law- the right of an arrested person to demand his freedom unless the arresting party has sufficient evidence for a trial
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implied powers
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powers of congress derived from "elastic clause"- which are not specifically expressed in the const. but are assumed by a "loose construction" of the clause
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Judicial branch
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headed by the Supreme court and other federal courts
tries federal crimes after Marbury vs. Madison, has the power to declare a law unconstitutional (judicial review) |
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Legislative branch
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law-making branch of the federal gov, headed by Congress
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Executive brach
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enforcement branch of the federal gov, headed by the President who appoints heads of Executive Depts as his cabinet
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reserved powers
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10th amendment
powers not delegated to Congress nor prohibited by it to the states |
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separation of powers
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government powers are exercised by three branches of gov, separately, creating an absence of concentrated power in any one body-->more democratice gov
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supremacy clause
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the US Constitution is the supreme law of the land
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Federalist, Number 10
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by James Madison
arguing that a LARGE republic is better than a small republic- would be able to control factions |
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Federalist Papers
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argue to Anti-feds for a new constitution
written by JAmes Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton |
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Majority Rule w/ Minority Rights
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The Constitution
also protects the rights of minority- have the right to drag their heels and refuse to pass a law- purposely difficult to pass laws *the system is designed to protect everyone's rights |
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Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
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during Washington's administration
W and Hamilton lead 1500 troops to put down the revolt H wants the leaders executed, but W says no *the putting down of the rebellion shows how Hamilton thought the gov should use its power |
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Hamilton's 3 Economic Plans
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Report on Public Credit
Report on a National Bank Report on Manufactures |
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XYZ Affair (1797)
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France are seizing US ships, Adams sends US diplomats to France, French demand a bribe but the diplomats refuse, Americans angry at France
*leads to an UNDECLARED NAVAL WAR with France ends alliance with France |
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The Genet Affair (1793)
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French minister Genet authorized American ships to seize British merchant ships
*Washington proclaimed US neutrality |
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Jay's Treaty
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GB agreed to abandon forts, permit limited trade w/ Brit west indies, but did NOT agree to respect US neutral rights on the seas
Washington barely got it approved by Congress *people growing unhappy with Washington and Jay |
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Pinckney's Treaty
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after Jay's treaty
Spain offered Pinckney the opening of the Mississippi River, the US "right of deposit" in New Orleans, and a firm US southern boundary |
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Washington's Farewell Address
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Avoid Political factionalism and political parties
Avoid permanent alliances with foreign countries |
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Alien Act and Sedition Acts
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under Adams- created to weaken the republican party-->triggered the 1st major civil liberties crisis
result: Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions |
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Sedition Act
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one would be punished if spoke, wrote, or published anything malicious about the gov
violation of 1st amendment republican felt |
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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
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(both states=republic)
in response to Sedition Act written by Madiosn and Jefferson-asserted the priniciple of NULLIFICATION- since the Union was a compact of states, each state had the right to nullify a fed law |
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Significance of Election of 1800
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first transfer of power from one party to another (feds to reps)
changed the nation's perspective from strong gov to weaker gov tie btw Jefferson and Burr-->12th amendment- that then the election decided by House of Reps |
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Marbury vs. Madison (1803)
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after Jefferson=Pres, but Feds still control Judiciary branch
Marbury sues Madison for not giving him commissions MARSHALL= chief justice- rules in favor of Madison whils strengthening fed courts JUDICIAL REVIEW- court could declare laws unconstitutional |
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Jefferson's economic policies
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*cut spending- decreased size of navy and army greatly
but kept the national bank kept "necessary and proper" idea- Louisiana purchase, embargo act, undeclared war w/ barbary pirates |
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Indians and the West (1790s-1815)
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Indians stood in the way of US wanting to expand-->suffered
they were defrauded and terrorized, some groups of Indians willingly sold off much land for little in return |
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Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)
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ended Indian resistance in northwest
US commander Wayne defetated the Indians, ceded lands in Treaty of Greenville Jefferson encouraged settlement in the west |
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Treaty of Greenville
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Indians ceded Ohio to the US
after they were defeated at Battle of FAllen Timbers (1794) |
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Louisiana Purchase
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under Jefferson- sent Monroe and Livingston to negotiate purchase of New Orleans from French, but Napoleon ends up selling all of Louisiana to them
*doubled the size of the US (even though wasn't in their instructions) |
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Lewis and Clark
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under Jefferson- sent Lewis and Clark (Corps of Discovery) to go on expedition up the Missouri R.- map out the region and detalied observations (1804-1806)
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Beginnings of Second Great Awakening
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starts b/c of struggles in the west
religious revivals- efforts made by Protestants (esp Baptists and Methodists) Cane Ridge, Kentucky- meeting to promote Protestant worship (1801) |
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Battle of Tippecanoe
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Americans (Harrison) defeated the Prophet's forces
part of obstacles to Tecumseh's Pan-Indian unity -->T wants to play the Americans against the British |
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The Barbary Wars
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Jefferson's conflict w/ Barbary States (1801-05)
Pirates preying on commercial shipping, demanding "tribute" payments Jefferson waged these wars w/o congressional authorization!! (Barbary states=N. Africa, Muslim) US blockade force Tripoli to stop demands for tribute, bu US still pays it to other barbary states |
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Embargo Act (1807)
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Jefferson (passed 1807)
stopped the export of all American goods (stopped all foreign trade) -->economic depression, smuggling, New England merchants opposed the Embargo, Jefferson has to send troops to put down violations of the embargo in NYC **only caused damge to the US, not GB or France |
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Chesapeake Affair (1807)
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British want to search U.S.S. Chesapeake for British sailors, American captain refuses to stop-->Brit. fires at the USS Chesapeake
Congress wants to declare war on Brit, but Jefferson wanted neutrality and "peaceful coercion" but issues the embargo act |
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War Hawks
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new generation of Republicans
arrises during election of 1810 (Madison) led by Henry Clay and Calhoun (ppl from the west) wanted to go to war, rejected Jefferon's idea of peaceful coercion not so focused on nation of small farmers and agriculture |
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War of 1812 (Mr. Madison's War)
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US goals= conquer Canada, neutral rights, assuage national pride
Federalists against the war, South and West for the war US was poorly prepared, defeated by Canada several times, but some US victories |
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Battle of Lake Erie
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Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British at this naval battle
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Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
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Madison
Resuption of trade expect w/ GB and France (after the embargo act was repealed) |
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Macon's Bill No.2 (1810)
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Madison
trade opened w/ both GB and France- when either nation respected neutral shipping, US would stop trading w/ the other |
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British invasion targets in War of 1812
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Washington
Baltimore New Orleans (US defeat GB at Baltimore and New Orleans) |
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Baltimore- Fort McHenry
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War of 1812
GB bombarded the fort, but the fort held out -->American flag still flying-->Francis Scott Key wrote Star Spangled Banner |
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Battle of New Orleans
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War of 1812
Andrew Jackson won a stunning victory against the British-->folk hero (even tho the war had already ended w/ the Treaty of Ghent) |
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Treaty of Ghent
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ends the War fo 1812- just says status quo ante bellum
at Hartford Convention *stop fighting, that's it (no land given to anyone) |
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Why did the US go to war w/ Britain in 1812?
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growing frustration w/ both Britain and France for seizing American ships
British had always expected the US to fail *lingering feeling that British don't really accept US independence Chesapeake Affair |
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Hartford Convention
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while Jackson at New Orleans, England Federalists met in Hartford to plan strategy agains the war of 1812, MA calls for convention (even talk about seceding)
but Hartford conv was undercut by the nation's pride over Jackson's victory Treaty of Ghent signed |
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Collapse of the Federalist Party
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after end of war of 1812, Monroe (republican) ran for reelction unopposed
new nationalism-->fall of Federalist party, also talk of secession |
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James Tallmadge's amendment
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(under Monroe)
JT introduced an amendment that would establish gradual emancipation in Missouri *for the first time, Congress directly debated the morality of slavery House approved it, but Senate refused it |
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Missouri Compromise (1820)
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proposed by Henry Clay (KY)
Missouri would be admitted as a slave state and Maine as a free state slavery was forever prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase (but still disputes over slavery btw north and south) |
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Transcontinental treaty
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treaty w/ Spain
set the boundary btw American and Spanish terrotry- western border of Louisiana lands Spain gave up its claims to the Pacific Northwest and ceded Florida |
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Rush-Bargot Treaty
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treaty w/ GB
beginning of demilitarizing the Canadian border |
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Monroe Doctrine (1823)
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Monroe reaffirmed that the US would not intervene in European affairs, and US would not interfere w/ already established European colonies in the Western hemisphere
*represented the end of American quest for independence- British recognized US as independent b/c British had proposed this joint declaration |
