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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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At the beginning of the 18th century, which colony had the most people?
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Virginia
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Why did the Chesapeake have trouble taking off, and what saved it?
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Disease ravaged the colonies and there were not enough women, until colonists developed immunities.
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What was the largest source of labor in the Chesapeake colonies, prior to Bacon's Rebellion?
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Indentured servants
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headright system
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Chesapeake colonists were granted 50 acres of land for paying the passage of their indentured servants
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freedom dues
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the dues paid to indentured servants once they were freed from their masters
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when was bacon's rebellion?
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1676
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what caused bacon's rebellion?
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- freed indentured servants could not find land to farm or wives. They had to plow through the wilderness and fight with Indians to gain land.
-Governor Berkeley honored the Indians because he could monopolize their fur trade. |
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What effect did Bacon's rebellion have?
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it was the end of the use of indentured servants in Virginia, and increased the use of slave labor from Africa.
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What caused increase in black slavery?
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-bacon's rebellion
-less poor englishmen for indentured servitude -Royal African Company lost its charter in slave trading and other colonies jumped at the opportunity to enter the buisness |
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What percent of Africans died on the "middle passage"?
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20%
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Why did less and less Africans gain freedom ?
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the slaves outnumbered white settlers which scared the settlers
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chattels
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a slave as a personal possession
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which was worse for a slave, rice or tobacco plantations?
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rice
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gullah
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a language evolved by block which was probably an alteration of Angola and English
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What was the biggest slave revolt in American history?
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Bacon's rebellion
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FFVs
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First Families of Virginia
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who held the most political power in Virginia
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landowners known as the First Families of Virginia
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Largest southern social group?
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small farmers
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What was the principal means of transportation in the south?
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waterways
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Southern Colonies Heirarchy?
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Merchant-Planters, Small Farmers, landless whites (often freed indentured servants), indentured servants, slaves
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This is what happened to the lifespan of the Chesapeake colonists and the New England colonists
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Chesapeake colonists: -10 years
New England Colonists: +10 years |
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Premarital pregnancy in the Chesapeake and New England colonies
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more premarital pregnancies than martial pregnancies in the Chesapeake, a low number of premarital pregnancies in New England
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New England's social structure was centered around
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the family
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Marriage in New England Colonies
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integrity protected. Men did not have absolute power over their wives, but wives did give up property rights when they married. Divorce was very rare
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Women rights in southern colonies
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women entitled to property rights and widows could inherit their husbands lands
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Reasons for New England unity?
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Puritanism, Dutch French and Indian attacks, geography
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New England towns over 50 had to provide what?
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elementary education
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When was Harvard established, and where? Why was it established?
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1636, Massachusets. To train local boys for Ministry
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Where was Puritan government held, and what kind was it?
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Congregationalist church, a democracy
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jeremiad
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a new form of sermon found in the middle of the seventeenth century from Puritans which sounded like the Old Testament and scolded churchgoers for their declining piety
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Half-Way Covenant
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the children of the members of the church (visible saints) could join the church under baptism but would not have full communion. Thus, children who did not have an experience saying they were the "elect" could still join the church.
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In what year did the Salem witch hunt take place?
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1692
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How many people were killed in the witch hunt?
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20
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What was one of the reasons for the witch hunts?
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The colonies were quickly becoming commercial, and the witch hunts reflected the struggle between the religious-minded and the economic-minded
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When did Salem witch-hunting end? Why?
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1693. The governor's wife was accused of being a witch.
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What is one of the reasons why the New England colonies were less ethnically diverse than the south?
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Europeans were not attracted to the rocky soil of the north, or the extreme weather
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How did New England colonists shape the land?
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they created permanent settlements, put up fences, cleared land for livestock
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What were 2 sources of wealth in New England?
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cod and lumber
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What was the "New England Conscience"?
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A biproduct of the New English being the "chosen people" and proud puritanists/ calvinists, this consciousness contributed to New England's opinion towards slavery and inclination towards hard work.
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what social class made up most immigrants to america
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middle class
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when did bacon's rebellion occur?
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1676
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Leisler's rebellion
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an uprising which occured in New York city because of animocity between lordly landholders and aspiring merchants
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How many colonies did Britian rule in America by 1775?
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32
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How did American population grow (in what numbers)?
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Doubled every 25 years
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4 cities of America
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Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Charleston
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Five states with largest population
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Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Maryland
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By 1775, what ethnicity made up 6% of America, and where did they mainly settle?
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German, Pennsylvania
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1/3 of Pennsylvania's population
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german
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Made up &% of Colonial America
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Scots-Irish
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Scots-Irish origin
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Scots were transplanted in Ireland where Catholic Irish hated Scot Presbyterians.
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Superb frontiers-men?
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Scots-Irish
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Great wagon road
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hugged the eastern Appalachian foothills from Pen. to Georgia
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T/F the Scots-Irish were peaceful with the Indians
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false.
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March of Paxton Boys
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The Scots-Irish led an armed march n Philidelphia protesting the Quaker oligarchy's lenient (tolerant) policy toward the indians
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Regulator movement (and important person)
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Scots-Irish movement in North Carolina against eastern domination of the colony's affairs. Andrew Jackson
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20% of population, largest non-english group
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african
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Ethical composition of North, south, middle
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North- hardly diverse
south-large slave population middle- large white diversity |
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most white americans were this profession
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small farmers
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T/F: An indentured servant or low class person could rise from a low rung to a high one.
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true
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Europeanizatoin of America?
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eve of the Revolution was beginning to show signs of stratification and barriers to social mobility
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What added to the social stratification of the colonies?
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1. war economy made merchant princes in the middle and new england colonies
2. Families grew and there was a dwindling supply of land. Many were forced to hire out as wage laborers and there was a large homeless poor population in places like Boston. 3. Southern separation of great planters and poor whites, who became tenant farmers |
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almshouses?
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houses created in philadelphia and new york to care for widows and orphans whose families were hurt through war
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the most honored profession?
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Christian ministry
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physicians had this status
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poorly trained and not highly esteemed
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2 especially dreaded epidemics
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small pox, diptheria
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status of lawyers
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lowly, troublemaking rogues
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percent of the population involved in agriculture
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90%
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bread colonies
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middle colonies
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besides farming, a rewarding economic persuit
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fishing and shipbuilding
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Triangular trade
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skippers sold rum to Africa in exchange for gold. They sold the slaves to the west indies in exchange for molasses. they made the molasses into rum.
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the most important single manufacturing activity
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lumbering>shipbuilding
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Why did Americans need to seek non-British markets?
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The British population was growing slowly and could not buy enough American exports.
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Molasses Act
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Parliament passed this act to squelch North American trade with the French West Indies (vs British West Indies). The Americans smuggled goods around this law.
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Transportation ?
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roads and railways were highly inefficient. waterways were the best ways to travel
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Two tax-supported churches in 1775:
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Anglican and Congregational
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Religious colonists prior to great awakening?
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Many colonists did not worship at any church
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Anglicans vs. Congregationalists and Presybtyrians
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Anglicans=hight-hearted, supported by england
Congregationalist=more religion-minded, stricter, not supportive of England |
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bishopric in America?
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anglicans had to train in england, and there was talk of creating a bishopric in America, but this was opposed by non-Anglicans for fear of tightening english control
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When did the Great Awakening occur?
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1730s and 1740s
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Where did the Great Awakening begin?
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Northampton, Massachusetts
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Who began the Great Awakening, and what was the name of his famous sermon?
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Pastor Johnathan Edwards, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
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What did the great awakening preach?
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the folly of believing in salvation through good deeds and the dependence on God's grace. Dark, horrible landscapes of hell
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George Whitefield
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a great actor during the Great Awakening who had an evangelical style of preaching and taught helplessness of humans and divine omnipotence. AMAZING speaker
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One sect which grew in numbers due to the Great awakening
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baptists
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Education in 3 colonies
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New England: great from the get-go
Middle: Fairly adequate schools south: bad/no schools, reliance on tutors |
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art in the colonies
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"Connecticut is not Athens". Get the art from England.
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what product helped spread the idea of American revolt?
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newspapers
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Peter Zenger
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a lawyer who was tried for saying the royal government was corrupt. He was defended by Andrew Hamilton, arguing he had printed the truth. Tried not guilty
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Which colonies had a royal governor?
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new hampshire, georgia, north carolina, south carolina, virginia, new jersey, new york, massachusets
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Which colonies were proprietary and chose their own governors?
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Maryland, Pennsylvania, Deleware
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Which colonies elected their own governors?
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Connecticut and Rhode Island
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Practically every colony utilized this kind of government
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two house legislative body. Upper house, or council, appointed by the crown or proprietors, or self voters. Lower house was elected by the people
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corrupt governor of New York and New Jersey
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Lord Cornbury
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Why did most royally appointed governors come to America?
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he was in need of money
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how did some colonies assert their authority over governors?
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they withheld his salary unless he yielded to their wishees
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What was local government like in the northern, middle, and southern colonies?
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north- town-meeting
middle-combination south- county government Local governments were democracies |
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What restrictions were on voting in the colonies?
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property and religious qualifications
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what were some unluxurious things about America?
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lack of heating
improper disposal of garbage |
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Similarities between the colonies
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English customs
Puritan religion some degree of religious tolerance social mobility some self government |
