Ap Us History: Unit 6: Key Terms: Chapter 20&21

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Laissez-faire -

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an environment in which transactions between private parties are free from state intervention, including restrictive regulations, taxes, tariffs and enforced monopolies

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Robber barons-

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a pejorative term used for a powerful 19th century United States businessman and banker. The term may now relate to any businessman or banker who used questionable business practices to become powerful or wealthy.

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Holding company-

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a company or firm that owns other companies' outstanding stock.

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Molly Maguires-

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members of a secret Irish-American organization. Accused of accused of kidnapping and other crimes as well as murder of bosses who didn’y comply

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Industrial union-

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a labor union organizing method through which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union—regardless of skill or trade—thus giving workers in one industry, or in all industries, more leverage in bargaining and in strike situations.

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IWW-

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industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union. The IWW contends that all workers should be united as a class and that the wage system should be abolished

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Vaudeville-

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was a theatrical genre of variety entertainment in the United States and Canada from the early 1880s until the early 1930s. Each performance was made up of a series of separate, unrelated acts grouped together on a common bill.

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Social Darwinism-

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a term used for various late nineteenth century ideologies which, while often contradictory, exploited ideas of survival of the fittest.[1] It especially refers to notions of struggle for existence being used to justify social policies which show no sympathy for those unable to support themselves. While the most prominent form of such views stressed competition between individuals in free marketcapitalism, it is also associated with ideas of struggle between national or racial groups.[2]

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Union Pacific-

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is the largest railroad network in the United States

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Vertical Integration (Know the difference) -

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a style of management control. Vertically integrated companies in a supply chain are united through a common owner. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or (market-specific) service, and the products combine to satisfy a common need.

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Horizontal Integration (Know the difference) -

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a type of ownership and control. It is a strategy used by a business orcorporation that seeks to sell a type of product in numerous markets. Horizontal integration in marketing is much more common than vertical integration is in production. Horizontal integration occurs when a firm is being taken over by, or merged with, another firm which is in the same industry and in the same stage of production as the merged firm

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Interlocking Directorate-

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 the practice of members of a corporate board of directors serving on the boards of multiple corporations.

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Railroad Strike of 1877-

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The great railroad strike of 1877 started on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, in response to the cutting of wages for the second time in a year by theBaltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O). Striking workers would not allow any of the stock to roll until this second wage cut was revoked.ended some 45 days later after it was put down by local and state militias, and federal troops.

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Craft Union-  

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organizing a union in a manner that seeks to unify workers in a particular industry along the lines of the particular craft or trade that they work in by class or skill level.

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Streetcar Suburb-

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a community whose growth and development was strongly shaped by the use of streetcar lines as a primary means of transportation

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American Protective Association-

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an American anti-Catholic society similar to the Know Nothings.  Its chief doctrine was that “subjection to and support of any ecclesiastical power not created and controlled by American citizens, and which claims equal, if not greater, sovereignty than the Government of the United States of America, is irreconcilable with American citizenship.” Accordingly, it opposed “the holding of offices in National, State, or Municipal Government by any subject or supporter of such ecclesiastical power.” Another of its purposes was to prevent all public encouragement and support of sectarian schools.

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Pragmatism -

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a philosophical movement that includes those who claim that an ideology or proposition is true if and only if it works satisfactorily, that the meaning of a proposition is to be found in the practical consequences of accepting it, and that impractical ideas are to be rejected.

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Central Pacific-

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the former name of the railroad network built between California and Utah, USA that formed part of the "First Transcontinental Railroad" in North America. It is now part of the Union Pacific Railroad.

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Trust -

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A special trust or business trust is a business entity formed with intent to monopolize business, to restrain trade, or to fix prices. They were often created when corporate leaders convinced (or coerced) the shareholders of all the companies in one industry to convey their shares to a board of trustees, in exchange for dividend-paying certificates.

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Gospel of Wealth-

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is an essay written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889[3] that described the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich.

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Knights of Labor -

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was the largest and one of the most important American labor organizationsof the 1880s. Its most important leader was Terence Powderly. The Knights promoted the social and cultural uplift of the workingman, rejected Socialism and radicalism, demanded the eight-hour day, and promoted the producers ethic of republicanism.

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Pullman Strike -

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a nationwide conflict between labor unions and railroads that occurred in the United States in 1894. President Grover Cleveland ordered federal troops to Chicago to end the strike, causing debate within his own cabinet about whether the President had theconstitutional authority to do so. The conflict peaked on July 6, shortly after the troops' arrival in the city, and ended several days later.

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Dumbbell tenement -

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required that every inhabitable room have a window opening to plain air, a requirement that was met by including air shafts between adjacent buildings.

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Chinese Exclusion Act-

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a United States federal law signed by Chester A. Arthur on May 8, 1882, following revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. allowed the U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration, a ban that was intended to last 10 years

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Literary Naturalism-

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a literary movement taking place from 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character.

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Captains of Industry-

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a term originally used in the United Kingdom during the Industrial Revolution describing a business leader whose means of amassing a personal fortune contributes positively to the country in some way.

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Sears & Roebuck -

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an American chain of Department stores which was founded by Richard Warren Sears and Alvah Curtis Roebuckin the late 19th century. From its mail order beginnings, the company grew to become the largest retailer in the United States by the mid-20th century

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Haymarket Riot -

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a demonstration and unrest that took place on Tuesday May 4, 1886, at the Haymarket Square[3] in Chicago. It began as a rally in support of striking workers.

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Homestead Steel Strike -

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an industrial lockout and strike which began on June 30, 1892, culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents on July 6, 1892. It was one of the most serious disputes in US labor history.

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Elllis Island -

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he gateway for millions of immigrants to the United States as the site of the nation's busiest immigrant inspection stationfrom 1892 to 1954.

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Settlement House -

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 established in poor urban areas, in which volunteer middle-class "settlement workers" would live, hoping to share knowledge and culture with, and alleviate the poverty of their low-income neighbors

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AF of L -

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was one of the first federations of labor unions in the United States. It was founded in 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor, a national labor association.