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158 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
European country that tended to form a reciprocal, beneficial relationship with native Indians to profit from the fur trade.
France
Nickname for Europe’s nuclear family in which the father’s authority over his family mirrored a king’s over his subjects.
Little Commonwealth
Helped Jamestown survive its “starving time” by discovering a milder strain of tobacco that profited settlers.
John Rolfe
Land grants that awarded Indian land and labor to wealthy colonists, particularly Spanish conquistadors.
Encomiendas
The “Lost Colony” which represented the first attempt by Britain to colonize the New World.
Roanoke
European nation that originally settled the Hudson River valley.
Holland
Business corporations that would amass capital through sales of stock to the public and could raise enough funds for New World settlement.
Joint Stock Company
The first “constitution” in American history that established a covenant community for its Pilgrim settlers and established majority rule.
Mayflower Compact
Helped Jamestown survive its “starving time” by creating military rule.
John Smith
Awarded fifty-acre “headrights” for each person entering to the colony to whoever paid that person’s passage.
Headright System
A “holy experiment,” George Fox, Society of Friends, “Inner Light”, fair treatment of Native Americans, and equal treatment of genders are all associated with this religion.
Quakers
This failed 1680 revolt resulted in Native Americans attacking Spanish colonists in the Southwest.
Pueblo Revolt led by Pope
This man led a 1675-1676 rebellion to protest Virginia governor Berkeley’s ineffectiveness in stopping Native American conflict.
Nathaniel Bacon
War stemming from a 1637 attack on Native Americans in Mystic, Connecticut.
Pequot War
Banished from Massachusetts Bay for supporting separation of church and state, and founded Rhode Island.
Roger Williams
This religious dissenter’s supporters were called Antinomians who believed that the “elect” had no right to determine who was saved.
Anne Hutchison
This 1675-1676 war between the Wampanoags and Massachusetts settlers eliminated overt resistance to white expansion.
King Phillips War (Metacom)
The witchcraft hysteria associated with this event was caused by the antagonism of the communal farmers toward the competitive, individualistic, and impersonal life of urban dwellers.
Salem Witch Trials
Founder of Maryland as a Catholic refuge (even though it later became dominated by Protestants).
Cecilius Calvert
This cash crop helped South Carolina prosper.
Rice
French independent fur traders who, because they were unconstrained by government authority, built an empire for France particularly in the Canadian and Great Lakes regions.
Coureurs de bois
Proposed as a solution to the declining Puritan membership, this compromise would permit the children of baptized adults to receive baptism.
Half-way Covenant
Massachusetts Bay governor who proclaimed that his colony would be a “city upon a hill,” “a model of Christian charity” whose example would shame England into reforming the Church of England.
John Winthrop
This “bloodless revolution” of 1688 against the British monarchy inspired American colonists to rebel, too.
Glorious Revolution
This 1735 event put a New York printer on trial for libel, and encouraged the broadening of political discussion and participation beyond a small circle of elites.
Trial of John Peter Zenger
George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, New Lights, and Old Lights are all associated with this movement.
1st Great Awakening
This series of mercantile Parliamentary laws included requiring colonial trade carried on in English-owned ships and barring colonial merchants from exporting enumerated goods (specifically listed) anywhere except to England.
Navigation Acts
This “power” was enjoyed by colonial legislatures, because they controlled the royal governor’s salary.
Power of the Purse
This man became governor of the supercolony called the Dominion of England, and was criticized by colonists for suppressing the legislature, limiting town meetings, and strictly enforcing the Navigation Acts.
Sir Edmond Andros
This movement emphasized reason, science, and logic and was demonstrated by the ideas of Sir Isaac Newton and Ben Franklin.
Enlightenment
This colony was founded by James Oglethorpe and was intended to be a refuge for bankrupt debtors.
Georgia
As a result of this war, France gave up all its lands east of the Mississippi in 1763.
French and Indian War (7 years war)
This parliamentary law banned colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains to prevent future Native American conflicts (ex. Pontiac’s Rebellion).
Proclamation Act of 1763
Women formed these groups to help with making cloth and the non-importation movement.
Spinning Bees
General search warrants that permitted customs officials to enter any ships or buildings where smuggled goods might be hidden. James Otis challenged the constitutionality of these warrants.
Writs of Assistance
Document written by Thomas Jefferson that justified independence by listing specific grievances against King George.
Declaration of Independence
Parliament used this theory to argue that Parliament considered the welfare of all subjects when deciding issues.
Virtual Representation
Parliamentary law that affirmed parliamentary power to legislate for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.”
Declaratory Acts
British philosopher who proposed the “natural rights” of life, liberty, and property, and the social contract theory.
John Locke
his parliamentary law was the first internal tax (designed to raise revenue for the crown).
Stamp Act
Colonial confederation created in 1754 in which colonies laid out plans for mutual defense against Native Americans. Often considered the first time that colonies organized themselves as a group.
Albany Congress Plan of the Union
Colonists’ first attempt to maintain close and continuing political cooperation over a wide area by providing a network of activists.
Committees of Correspondence
This series of acts were passed by Parliament to punish Bostonians for the Tea Party (ex. Close Boston harbor, limit town meetings, etc.)
Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)
The arrest and censorship of this member of Parliament inspired many colonists.
John Wilkes
Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that encouraged independence.
Common Sense
Weaknesses of this first form of American government included: single-chamber Congress, Congress had no power to tax, no executive or legislative branch, unanimous vote needed to amend laws, etc.
Articles of Confederation
Group opposed to the proposed Constitution because they feared it gave too much power to the national government.
Anti-federalists
Defined the steps for the creation and admission of new states.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
This 1786 rebellion was the result of Massachusetts farmers unhappy with high taxes and foreclosures on farm mortgages.
Shay’s Rebellion
Diplomatic impact of this battle was that it convinced France that the Americans could win the revolution.
Saratoga
Compromise that created a bicameral legislature consisting of a Senate in which representation was equal, and a House of Representatives in which representation was based on population.
CT compromise
Established uniform procedures for surveying new western land by organizing territories into townships.
Land Ordinance of 1784
rench minister who violated American neutrality rights by mobilizing sentiment in support of France and enlisting American mercenaries to conquer Spanish territories.
Edmond Genet
The importance of educating white women in the values of liberty and independence in order to strengthen virtue in the new nation.
Republican Motherhood
This event infuriated Americans because French agents refused to meet the American delegation unless the U.S. paid them. Led to the “Quasi”-War against France in the Caribbean.
XYZ Affair
In this 1794 rebellion western Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay a tax, resulting in federal intervention authorized by President Washington.
Whiskey Rebellion
This treaty won westerners the right of unrestricted, duty-free access to world markets via the Mississippi River.
Pinckney’s Treaty
These acts infuriated Americans because they made it more difficult for foreigners and other poor people to gain power. Considered a cause of the demise of the Federalist Party.
Alien and Sedition Acts
Documents supporting interposition and nullification in protest of the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Election year when for the first time a peaceful transfer of power from one main group (Federalists) to another (Democratic-Republicans) took place.
Election of 1800
First Secretary of the Treasury, and believed that the federal government should assume state debts and a National Bank was necessary.
Henry Clay
This treaty won the British promise to withdraw troops from American soil, but angered Americans because it did not address impressment and it restricted U.S. trade with France.
Jay’s Treaty
Supreme Court case that ruled that the Supreme Court has the power to declare laws unconstitutional.
Marbury v. Madison
Banned all foreign trade as a means of “peaceable coercion” with the hope of pressuring Britain and France into respecting American neutrality.
Embargo Act
Supreme Court case that ruled the Congress’ implied powers made the National Bank constitutional, and that states did not have the power to tax a federal institution.
McCulloch v. Maryland
Incident in which a British warship, patrolling off Hampton Roads, Virginia, attacked an American naval vessel and impressed supposed deserters.
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
1823 speech that said the U.S. would not get involved in European affairs, that U.S. would not be subject for future colonization, and that the U.S. would interpret any attempt to do so as an “unfriendly act.”
Monroe Doctrine
Shawnee Chief Tecumseh’s brother, the Prophet, surrendered to William Henry Harrison at this location in 1809.
Thames
Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo ante bellum.
Treaty of Ghent
This 1814 event solidified the end of the Federalist Party because it portrayed it as a traitorous, extremist organization.
Hartford Convention
Monroe’s administration is nicknamed this because there was “no” partisan politics was non-existent with the Federalist Party gone.
Era of Good Feelings
Supreme Court case that said states did not have the power to alter contracts.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
Jefferson authorized this 1801 war against the pirates of North Africa because war would be cheaper than paying the annual protection tribute.
Tripoli War
Treaty that purchased Florida from Spain in 1819.
Adams-Onis Treaty
Supreme Court case that stated that the Cherokee nation was a domestic dependant nation (ward) of the U.S.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
Invented the system of making interchangeable parts.
Eli Whitney
Supreme Court case that ruled that the Cherokee nation was entitled to federal protection by tampering by Georgia.
Worcester v. Georgia
Textile mills in this Massachusetts town were unique for hiring young, single women.
Lowell
Examples of this type of relationship included maternal associations and debating societies.
Individualism
Alexis de Tocqueville’s book that made astute observations on the American character.
Democracy in America
Supreme Court case that said that only Congress has the power to regulate interstate trade.
Gibbons v. Ogden
Authorized President Jackson to appropriate $500,000 to cover the expenses of removing Native Americans from the East.
Indian Removal Act of 1830
New Harmony, Brook Farm, and Oneida are examples of this type of community that emphasized communal living.
Utopian Societies
Wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest which argued that the tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations) was unconstitutional and that states had the right to nullify laws within its borders.
John Calhoun
Jackson’s supporters’ nickname for the Election of 1824 in which Henry Clay became the next secretary of state in return for giving his support for John Q. Adams.
Corrupt bargain
President Jackson’s opponents criticized this “rotation in office” system because he often rewarded party loyalists with government positions.
Spoils system
The Burned-Over District and Charles Finney are associated with this movement.
2nd Great Awakening
Church of Latter-day Saints, Joseph Smith, and Nauvoo are associated with this religion.
Mormonism
Public school reformer who proposed grading the schools, extending the school year, and compelling attendance.
Horace Mann
During Jackson’s war against the National Bank he removed federal deposits from the National Bank and put them in state banks called
Pet Banks
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized this convention that proclaimed a Declaration of Sentiments with the assertion that “all men and women are created equal.”
Seneca Falls Convention
Democratic-Republicans became members of this political party that believed that the national government should actively encourage economic development.
Whig Party
This mental-health reformer helped improve the conditions in insane asylums.
Dorthea Dix
Health advocate that counseled changes in diet as well as total abstinence from alcohol.
Sylvester Graham
Popular form of entertainment reinforced the stereotypes of blacks as “stupid, clumsy, and obsessively musical.”
Minstrel Shows
Local organizations that sponsored lectures that helped democratize education.
Lyceums
This entertainer tapped the public’s insatiable curiosity about natural wonders by marketing his American Museum as family entertainment.
P.T. Barnum
Books written by women about women and taught that women could overcome adversity.
Sentimental novels
Movement led by Ralph Waldo Emerson who believed that ideas of God and freedom are inborn in everybody, not just learned people.
Transcendentalist movement
Wrote Treatise on Domestic Economy telling women that technological advances made it their duty to make every house a “glorious temple” by using space more efficiently.
Catherine Beecher
This art movement emphasized landscape painting which encouraged the preservation of wilderness.
Hudson River School
This philosophical movement challenged classicism by stating that beauty comes from within each person, not that standards of beauty were universal.
Romanticism
Poet who wrote Leaves of Grass in free verse.
Walt Whitman
Led an 1831 insurrection in Virginia that massacred dozens of white plantation owners.
Nat Turner
Non-slaveholding family farmers which compromised the largest single group of southern whites.
Yeomen
Simplified language spoken by slaves to help them communicate since they had such different native languages.
pidgin
Wrote The Impending Crisis of the South which called upon non-slaveholders to abolish slavery in their own economic interest.
Hinton R. Helper
Supreme Court case that ruled that labor unions were not illegal monopolies that restrained trade.
Commonwealth v Hunt
The War for Texas Independence was partly caused by the tyranny of this Mexican military dictator.
Santa Anna
This war was fought mostly over disagreements over the southern boundary of the U.S.
Mexican War
This president was in office when the Oregon territory and Mexican cession was acquired
James Polk
This document infuriated southerners because it proposed banning slavery in any territory acquired as a result of the Mexican War.
Wilmot Proviso
This treaty granted the U.S. most of the present states of CA, NV, NM, UT, etc.
Guadalupe Hidalgo
Trails that headed out west, mostly to California or Oregon, characterized by tough work and even on rare occasion, cannibalism.
Overland Trails
Political party based on Henry Clay’s American System, tariffs, a National Bank, and federal funding for internal improvements.
Whigs
Two European countries that had the most number of immigrants move to the U.S. in the early 1800s.
Ireland, Germany
This president alienated his own political party by vetoing so many issues on the Whig Agenda.
John Tyler
The belief coined by journalist John O’Sullivan that westward expansion all the way to the Pacific Ocean was inevitable and righteous.
Manifest Destiny
The U.S. acquired this territory as a result of negotiations and settlement at the 49th parallel.
Oregon
Political party that was most appealing to immigrant groups.
Democratic
This man is considered the hero of the Mexican War.
Zachary Taylor
Established popular sovereignty in Utah and New Mexico, abolished the slave trade in D.C., established a harsher fugitive slave law, and established California as a free state.
Compromise of 1850
This state constitution was elected by less than 10% of its eligible voters, and therefore President’s endorsement of it caused his popularity to plummet.
Lecompton Constitution
This desperate attempt to keep the country together proposed extending the Missouri Compromise line all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
Crittenden Compromise
Proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act with the hope that a transcontinental railroad would be built and go through his home state of Illinois.
Stephen Douglas
Lincoln’s rival for the Senator of Illinois in 1858. Supported popular sovereignty.
Stephen Douglas
Political party that sought to rid the U.S. of immigrant and Catholic political influence and appoint only native-born Protestants to office.
Know-Nothings/American Party
The birth of this political party took place during the uproar over the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Republican Party
Stephen Douglas’ speech that alienated his white southerners because they preferred the Dred Scott ruling to popular sovereignty, which opened up the possibility of slavery being banned.
Freeport Doctrine
Political party that argued that slavery impeded whites’ progress and for this reason slavery should be banned in new territories out west.
Freesoilers Party
Supreme Court case that ruled that blacks are not citizens of the U.S. and any law that bans slavery is unconstitutional since it violates the Fifth Amendment’s protection of property.
Dred Scott v Sanford
This “turning point of the war” represented the last time the South invaded the North.
Gettysburg
Devised by General Winfield Scott, this plan called for a Union blockade of the southern coastline, attack of Richmond, and seizure of the Mississippi River.
Anaconda Plan
victory at this battle resulted in the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation.
Antietam
Border state in which Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus.
Maryland
Freed slaves living in areas under Confederate control.
Emancipation Proclamation
Union victory at this battle resulted in the Union taking full control of the Mississippi River.
Vicksburg
This Union general led a “march to the sea” instilling “scorched earth”/ “total warfare” targeting the civilians and their property.
General William Sherman
System in which landowners subdivided large plantations into farms of 30-50 acres, which they rented to freedmen under annual leases for a share of the crop, usually half.
Sharecropping
President who handed out pardons liberally to ex-Confederates.
Johnson
Amendment that declared all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. citizens.
14th
This Republican president was elected as a result of a compromise in which he agreed to withdraw troops from the South in return for his election.
Rutherford B. Hayes
President Johnson was impeached for violating this law that prohibited the president from removing civil officers without Senate consent.
Tenure of Office Act
White southerners who supported the Republicans during Reconstruction.
Scalawags
Laws that protected black voters by strengthening punishments for those who used intimidation to prevent blacks from voting (like the KKK).
Enforcement Acts
Law that divided the ex-Confederacy into five temporary military districts.
Reconstruction Act of 1867
Democratic city “boss” who led a ring that looted the city’s treasury of millions of dollars and led Tammany Hall.
William Tweed
Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan is nicknamed this because it called for only a minority of voters to take an oath of allegiance and accept emancipation in order to be readmitted to the Union.
10% Plan
Supreme Court case that ruled that the 14th Amendment only protected the rights of national citizenship, not the rights of state citizenship.
Slaughterhouse Cases
The word Democrats used to describe their return to power.
Redemption
His spirited campaign to protect the wilderness contributed to the establishment of national parks like Yosemite and the formation of the Sierra Club.
John Muir
This Indian nationalistic movement led by the prophet Wovoka resulted in the murder of Sitting Bull and the Wounded Knee massacre.
Ghost Dance Movement
In this massacre Colonel John Chivington massacred a peaceful band of Indians in Colorado.
Sand Creek Massacre
Wrote A Century of Dishonor to rally public opinion against the government’s record of broken treaty obligations.
Helen Jackson
Law that turned Indians into farmers and emphasized the treatment of natives as individuals instead of tribes, and as a result Indians were expected to assimilate into American society.
Dawes Severalty Act
This colonel was dispatched to the Black Hills of South Dakota to confirm rumors of the existence of gold and as a result fought with Sioux warriors. He and his troops were wiped out by the Sioux.
George Custer
Where the transcontinental railroad was ceremoniously completed.
Promontory Point, Utah
Shrewdly combined organizational and promotional skills to turn the cattle industry into a new money-maker.
Joseph McCoy