Ap Us History Chapter 1 & 2

Front 1

The Shaping of North America

Back 1

- Recorded history began 6,000 years ago.
-Geologic forces of continental plates created the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains.
-The Great Ice Age thrust down over North America & scoured the present day American Midwest.

Front 2

Theory of Pangaea

Back 2

-Suggesting that the continents were once nestled together into one mega supercontinent. Forming 300 million years ago in the Paleozoic era and breaking apart 200 Million years ago in the early Mesozoic era.

Front 3

Land Bridge Theory

Back 3

-The theory holds that a Land Bridge emerged linking Asia & North America across what is now known as the Bering Sea. People were said to have walked across the "bridge" before the sea level rose and sealed it off; thus populating the Americas.
- The Land Bridge is said to have occurred an estimated 35,000 years ago.

Front 4

Peopling the Americas

Back 4

The Land Bridge spread across North, Central, and South America.
- Incas: Peru, with elaborate network of roads and bridges linking their empires.
- Mayas: Yucatan Peninsula, with their step pyramids.
- Aztecs: Mexico, with step pyramids and huge sacrifices of conquered peoples.

Front 5

The Earliest Americans

Back 5

-Pueblo Indians
-Mound Builders
-Eastern Indians

Front 6

Pueblo Indians

Back 6

The 1st American corn growers.
- They lived in adobe houses (dried mud) and pueblos ("villages" in Spanish).
- Villages of cubicle shaped adobe houses, stacked one on top the other and often beneath cliffs.
- They had elaborate irrigation systems to draw water away from rivers to grown corn.

Front 7

Mound Builders

Back 7

These people built huge ceremonial and burial mounds and were located in the Ohio Valley.

Front 8

Eastern Indians

Back 8

Grew Corn, Beans, and Squash in three sister farming:
- Corn grew in a stalk providing a trellis for beans, beans grew up the stalk, squash's broad leaves kept the sun off the ground and thus kept the moisture in the soil.
-This group likely had the best (most diverse) diet of all North American Indians and is typified by the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw(South) and Iroquois (North).

Front 9

Iroquois Confederacy

Back 9

A group of 5 tribes in New York state.

- They were matrilineal as authority and possessions passed down through the female line.
-Each tribe kept their independence, but met occasionally to discuss matters of common interest, like war/defense.
-This was not the norm. Usually, Indians were scattered and separated (and thus weak).

Front 10

Native American VS. Europeans Views

Back 10

Native Americans felt no man owned the land, the tribe did. (Europeans liked private property)
• Indians felt nature was mixed with many spirits. (Europeans were Christian and monotheistic)
• Indians felt nature was sacred. (Europeans felt nature and land was given to man by God in Genesis to be subdued and put to use).
• Indians had little or no concept or interest in money. (Europeans loved money or gold)

Front 11

Hiawatha

Back 11

The Leader of the Iroquois Confederacy.

Front 12

Indirect Discoverers of the New World

Back 12

The 1st Europeans to come to America were the Norse (Vikings from Norway).
• Around 1000 AD, the Vikings landed, led by Erik the Red and Leif Erikson.
• They landed in Newfoundland or Vinland (Because of all the vines).
• However, these men left America and left no written record and therefore didn't get the credit.
• The only record is found in Viking sagas or songs.

Front 13

Europeans Enter Africa

Back 13

-Mixed with desire for spices, an East to West (Asia to Europe) trade flourished but had to be overland, at least in part. This initiated new exploration down around Africa in hopes of an easier (all water) route.
- Portugal literally started a sailing school to find better ways to get to the Spice Islands, eventually rounding Africa's southern Cape of Good Hope.
- New Developments: Caravel and Astrolabe

Front 14

Marco Polo

Back 14

Marco Polo was an Italian explorer. His well-documented travels to China were some of the most influential in world history, and did much to kick start the European age of exploration.

Front 15

Caravel

Back 15

A ship with triangular sail that could better tack (zigzag) ahead into the wind and thus return to Europe from Africa coast.

Front 16

Astrolabe

Back 16

Gizmo that could tell a ship's latitude.

Front 17

Christopher Columbus

Back 17

The explorer who is credited for discovering America. It was his voyage that started the exploration and colonization of the Americas.

-In 1492, he convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to fund his expedition.
-His goal was to reach the East (East Indies) by sailing west, thus bypassing the around-Africa route that Portugal monopolized.
- He misjudged the size of the Earth though, thinking it 1/3 the size of what it was.
- So, after 30 days or so at sea, when he struck land, he assumed he'd made it to the East Indies and therefore mistook the people as "Indians."

Front 18

The Columbus Exchange

Back 18

• From the New World (America) to the Old
- corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkin, squash, tomato, wild rice, etc.
- also, syphilis

• From the Old World to the New
- cows, pigs, horses, wheat, sugar cane, apples, cabbage, citrus, carrots, etc.
-devastating diseases (smallpox, yellow fever, malaria), as Indians had no immunities.
- An estimated 90% of all pre-Columbus Indians died, mostly due to disease.

Front 19

Treaty of Tordesillas

Back 19

1494-Up to this time the two major powers exploring the world were Spain and Portugal. These nations worried that their new territories would be taken by each other. In order to protect their new empires, these nations looked to the Pope for help. This treaty was known as the Treaty of Tordesillas, and divided the New World between these two powers.

Front 20

Ferdinand Magellan

Back 20

Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to sail all the way around the world. He also discovered a passage from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean that is today called the "Straits of Magellan."

Front 21

Ponce de Leon

Back 21

Touches and names Florida looking for legendary "Fountain of Youth"

Front 22

Francisco Pizarro

Back 22

Conquers Incan Empire of Peru and begins shipping tons of gold/silver back to Spain. This huge influx of precious metals made European prices skyrocket (inflation).

Front 23

Francisco Coronado

Back 23

Ventured into current Southwest U.S. looking for legendary El Dorado, city of gold. He found the Pueblo Indians.

Front 24

Conquistadors

Back 24

"Conquerors" ; Were soldiers, explorers, and adventurers. They sailed beyond Europe, conquering territory and opening trade routes. They colonized much of the world for Portugal and Spain in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries.

Front 25

Encomienda

Back 25

Indians were “commended” or given to Spanish landlords. The idealistic theory of the encomienda was that Indians would work on the farm and be converted to Christianity. But it was basically just slavery on a sugar plantation guised as missionary work.

Front 26

Hernando Cortez

Back 26

A Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortez was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

Front 27

Montezuma

Back 27

The Aztec King

Front 28

Robert de LaSalle

Back 28

Robert de LaSalle sailed down the Mississippi River for France claiming the whole region for their King Louis and naming the area "Louisiana" after his king.

Front 29

"Black Legend"

Back 29

The Black Legend was the notion that Spaniards only brought bad things (murder, disease, slavery). Though true, they also brought good things such as (law systems, architecture, Christianity, language, civilization) so that the Black Legend is partly, but not entirely, accurate.

Front 30

England’s Imperial Stirrings

Back 30

By the year 1607, Central and South America was largely controlled by Spain or Portugal, but North America was mostly unclaimed.
1.Spain had established Santa Fe.
2.France had established Quebec.
3.Britain had just established Jamestown, and it was struggling.

Front 31

Sir Walter Raleigh

Back 31

English attempts at colonization in the New World failed embarrassingly. Notable of these failures was Sir Walter Raleigh and the Roanoke Island Colony, better known as “The Lost Colony.”

Front 32

Francis Drake

Back 32

Drake carried out the second circumnavigation of the world, from 1577 to 1580. Elizabeth I of England awarded Drake a knighthood in 1581. He was second-in-command of the English fleet against the Spanish Armada in 1588.

Front 33

Primogeniture

Back 33

These were the two British legal doctrines governing the inheritance of property. Primogeniture required that a man’s real property pass in its entirety to his oldest son. Entail required that property could only be left to direct descendants (usually sons), and not to persons outside of the family.

Front 34

Virginia Company

Back 34

In 1606, the Virginia Company( A Joint stock company) received a charter from King James I to make a settlement in the New World.

Front 35

Joint-Stock Company

Back 35

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company’s profits and debts.

Front 36

Jamestown

Back 36

A settlement in the Colony of Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. Established by the London Company in 1607.

Front 37

Troubles in Establishing Jamestown:

Back 37

1. The swampy site of Jamestown meant poor drinking water and mosquitoes causing malaria and yellow fever, 2. “gentlemen” wasted time looking for gold rather than doing useful tasks (digging wells, building shelter, planting crops), and 3. there were zero women on the initial ship.

Front 38

John Smith

Back 38

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony (based at Jamestown) between September 1608 and August 1609, and led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay.

Front 39

Pocahontas

Back 39

Pocahontas, and later known as Rebecca Rolfe, (1595–1617) was a Virginia Indian notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. Pocahontas was the daughter of Powhatan, the paramount chief and later wife to John Rolfe.

Front 40

Starving Time

Back 40

Starving Time at Jamestown in the Colony of Virginia was a period of starvation during the winter of 1609–1610 in which all but 60 of 500 colonists died

Front 41

Powhatans Confederacy

Back 41

The Powhatan is a Native American confederation of tribes in Virginia. It may also refer to the leader of those tribes, commonly referred to as Chief Powhatan. It is estimated that there were about 14,000–21,000 Powhatan people in eastern Virginia when the English settled Jamestown in 1607.

Front 42

First Anglo-Powhatan War

Back 42

The First Anglo-Powhatan War ended in 1614 with a peace settlement sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to colonist John Rolfe.

Front 43

Second Anglo-Powhatan War

Back 43

The Second Anglo-Powhatan War began in 1644, ended in 1646, and effectively banished the Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral lands.

Front 44

Nation-State

Back 44

The modern form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity.

Front 45

Matrilinear

Back 45

The form of society in which family line, power, and wealth are passed primarily through the female side.

Front 46

Primeval

Back 46

Concerning the earliest origin of things.

Front 47

Plantation

Back 47

A large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crop and usually employing coerced or slave labor

Front 48

Capitalism

Back 48

An economic system characterized by private property , generally free trade, and open and accessible markets

Front 49

Nationalism

Back 49

Fervent belief and loyalty given to the political unit of the nation-state

Front 50

Toleration

Back 50

Originally, religious freedom granted by an established church to a religious minority.

Front 51

Melting Pot

Back 51

- Popular term for an ethnically diverse population that is presumed to be "melting" towards some eventual commonality

Front 52

Charter

Back 52

A legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations.

Front 53

Maryland

Back 53

-Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore, Maryland was the second plantation colony and the fourth overall colony to be formed.
-It was founded to be a place for persecuted Catholics to find refuge, a safe haven.
-Lord Baltimore gave huge estates to his Catholic relatives, but the poorer people who settled there where mostly Protestant, creating friction.

Front 54

Act of Toleration

Back 54

Maryland’s statute, the Act of Toleration, guaranteed religious toleration to all Christians, but decreed the death penalty to Jews and atheists and others who didn’t believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ.

Front 55

The West Indies

Back 55

-By mid-1600s, England had secured claim to several West Indies islands, including Jamaica in 1655.
-They grew lots of sugar on brutal plantations there.
-Thousands of African slaves were needed to operate sugar plantations. At first, Indians were intended to be used, but disease killed an estimated 90% of all Native Americans. So, Africans were brought in.
-To control so many slaves, “codes” were set up that defined the legal status of slaves and the rights of the masters. They were typically strict and exacted severe punishments for offenders.

Front 56

Georgia

Back 56

1733 - Georgia was formed as a buffer between the Carolinas and Spanish-held Florida. It was a military-style colony, but also served as a haven for the poor, criminals, and persecuted Protestants.

Front 57

Enclosure

Back 57

Meaning fenced in land for farming. Enclosure meant there was less land or no land for the poor.
Also, No land or no hopes for land, in turn, meant the poor wanted to leave and go to America.

Front 58

Lord De La Warr

Back 58

Intercepted a ship of settlers who were abandoning the colony. He forced them to return, brought more discipline, and brought much-needed supplies to Jamestown.

Front 59

Importance of 1619

Back 59

-Representative self-government came to America when Virginians created the House of Burgesses, a basic legislature to work out local issues. This set America on a pathway self-rule.
-The first blacks were brought to America. It’s unclear if they were slaves or indentured servants at this time.
-A shipload of women arrived. They were young and came with the sole purpose of marrying. This brought Virginia stability and a sense of permanence.

Front 60

Maryland

Back 60

Religious freedom was the initial motivation for Maryland. Lord Baltimore founded Maryland in 1634. Maryland was founded as a haven (safe place) for Catholics to avoid persecution from Protestants in Europe or in America.

Front 61

James Oglethorpe

Back 61

Founded Georgia in 1733 and named after King George II.
1.As well as being a buffer zone, Georgia held the goal of being a place where debtors could get a second chance.
2.It was also a dumping ground for English criminals.
3.Oglethorpe fended off Spanish attacks and saved the “Charity Colony.”

Front 62

John Wesley

Back 62

The Founder of Methodism