Ap Us History Ch 1

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Pleistocene:

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from two million to 11 thousand years ago, ended by dramatic climate change

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Beringia

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a stretch of land connecting Asia with North America, Native Americans ancestors used to cross over to America

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Folsom

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a culture that flourished in western North America east of the Rocky Mountains during the late Pleistocene Epoch, notable chiefly for the use of grooved, leaf-shaped flint projectile points

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Plano

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the third generation of projectile points to be found

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Clovis

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are thin, fluted projectile points used in hunting

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Athapascans-Inupiat-Aleuts

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is the name of a large group of closely related indigenous peoples of North America, located in two main Southern and Northern groups in western North America, and of their language family

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Archaic

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the archaic period was the second period of human occupation in the Americas, from around 8000 BC to 1000 BC although as its ending is defined by the adoption of sedentary farming, this date can vary significantly across the Americas.

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Shoshone

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is a Native American tribe in the United States with three large divisions: the Northern, the Western and the Eastern. The Shoshone were sometimes called the Snake by early White trappers, travelers, and settlers.

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Utes

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a Native American tribe that consisted of numerous nomadic bands that maintained close associations with other neighboring groups

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Cordilleran Culture

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is an ancient culture of Native Americans that settled in the Pacific Northwestern region of North America that existed from 9000 or 10000 BC until about 5500 BC, a way of life based on exploitation of fish

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Maize

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Indian corn

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Toltec

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the ancestors mentioned in the mythical/historical narratives of the Aztecs

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Clan

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a group of people with kinship who have banded together

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Tribe

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leader of a tribe, a person from an honored clan

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Chief

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advisors to the chief of a clan, very respected clan leaders

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Hunting tradition

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a complex of beliefs centered in the relationship of hunters and prey

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Vision quest

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a practice in which young men and women sought out personal protective spirits by going alone into the wilderness, fasting, inducing hallucinations and dreams

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Shaman

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a medicine man or woman who has developed a special sensitivity to spiritual forces

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Agragarian tradition

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emphasized and celebrated the notion of fertility in ritual festivals marking the changing of the seasons

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Pantheism

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a system of belief that thought natural and supernatural forces too be inseparable

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Mogollon

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among the first to develop a settled farming way of life, 250 BCE to 1450 CE

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Kiva

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pit house created by the Mogollons

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Hohokam

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is one of the four major prehistoric archaeological traditions of what is now the American Southwest, means those who are gone, 300CE to 1500CE

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Snaketown

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An excavated Hohokam community site given the name

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Four corners

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Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado River

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Sioux

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A very large Native American group who lived in the Dakotas

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Matrilineal

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Taking your ancestry from your mothers, grandmothers and so on

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Patrilineal

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Taking your ancestry from your father, grandfather and so on

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Pueblo

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are communities of Native Americans in the southwestern US know for their buildings, some pueblos only have a few of these buildings still standing

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Mesa Verde

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The place of an Anasazi cliff dwelling, which may have been built as a defense against raiders

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Sioux

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A very large Native American group who lived in the Dakotas

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Matrilineal

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Taking your ancestry from your mothers, grandmothers and so on

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Patrilineal

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Taking your ancestry from your father, grandfather and so on

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Pueblo

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are communities of Native Americans in the southwestern US know for their buildings, some pueblos only have a few of these buildings still standing

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Mesa Verde

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The place of an Anasazi cliff dwelling, which may have been built as a defense against raiders

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Mound builders

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large settlements after the incorporation of corn planting into their way of life during the first millennium, built large burial mounds, where the leaders lived

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Cahokia

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The Mississippian settlement at Cahokia, near present-day East St. Louis, Ill., was perhaps home to 40,000 people in about AD 1100. But mysteriously, around the year 1300, both the Mound Builder and the Mississippian cultures had fallen to decline.

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Mississippian

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master maize farmers, lived in permanent villages, characterized by division of labor

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Pima

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The Pima are a group of American Indians living in an area consisting of what is now central and southern Arizona. The name means "river people".

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Pagago

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now Tohono O'odham, an American Indian people living in the Sonoran Desert in Arizona and Sonora, Mexico, they used the flooding caused by summer thunderstorms to irrigate their crops
Yuma: Yuma Indians, a tribe belonging to the Yuman branch of the Hokan language family. They are also known as the Quechan, from Kwatcan, their name for themselves, Yuma originally lived along the most southerly section of the Colorado River and numbered about 4,000 in the early 17th century, settled agricultural people

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Rancherias

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the dispersed settlements the Yuman people lived in

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Kachinas

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ancestral sacred spirits of the Pueblo people

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Hopi

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According to Hopi oral tradition, the Hopi are a gathering of diverse groups representing clans from different areas, now identifying culturally as one group of people, the Hopi have been village dwellers for many centuries

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Navaho

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Archaeological and historical evidence suggests that the Athabasca ancestors of the Navajo and Apache entered the Southwest after 1000 AD, with substantial population increases occurring in the 13th century. Navajo oral traditions are said to retain references of this migration, adopted farming and handicraft skills

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Apache

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Apache Indians, a group of tribes of the Athabasca linguistic family. In the late 17th century, the Apaches ranged over the present states of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and Utah, and also into northern Mexico. At that time, they numbered about 5,000. The Apaches were divided into two major groups: the Eastern Apaches, which included the Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Chiricahua, and Kiowa-Apache; and the Western Apaches, which included the Cibecue, White Mountain, Coyotero, Northern Ton-to, and Southern Tonto

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Aztec

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At its pinnacle Aztec culture had rich and complex mythological and religious traditions, as well as reaching remarkable architectural and artistic accomplishments. A particularly gruesome element of Aztec culture to many was the practice of human sacrifice. In 1521, in what is probably the most widely known episode in the Spanish colonization of the Americas, Hernán Cortés, along with a large number of Nahuatl speaking indigenous allies, conquered Tenochtitlan and defeated the Aztec Triple Alliance

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Maya

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noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems. Initially established c. 2000 BC to 250 AD, many Maya cities reached their highest state development during, 250 AD to 900 AD

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Inca

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In 1442, the Incas began a far-reaching expansion under the command of Patchacuti. He founded the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu), which became the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.

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Tribal confederation

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a group of clans who came together to form a confederation out of their clans, allied in battle, were able to keep the peace between themselves

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Cherokee

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The Cherokee lived on mountain plateaus and made up the largest confederacy of more than 60 towns

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Iroquois

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one of first to adopt cultivation, five Iroquois chiefdoms: Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayuga, and Seneca

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Longhouses

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Longhouses were the type of residence the Iroquois people resided in

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Algonquians

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People in northern New England, hunters and foragers, organized into bands with loose ethnic affiliations