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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How was North America shaped?
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Pangea + continental drift, glaciers in the Ice Age (2 mill. - 10,000 yrs ago), orogeny.
it's basic shape was formed 10 million years ago, |
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How was North America peopled?
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For 25,000 years, nomads from Eurasia/Siberia came to N.Amer/Alaska via Bering Isthmus during the Ice Age, most likely in pursuit of game. From there, they migrated south and east.
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What was the staple crop? Origin? Impact?
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Corn. Mexico 5000 BC. Settlements; the earlier a society began growing corn, the more advanced they were able to become (for this reason, North American Native Americans were more easily subdued by the Europeans)
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Describe the most significant NA of 5000 BC (who, where, significance)
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AZTECS
Where: C. Amer (Mexico) Signif: Corn -> most accomplished/advanced of all Native Americans; chinampas |
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Describe the most significant NA of 1200 BC (Who, where, significance)
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PUEBLOS
Where: Rio Grande, N.Amer SW Signif: irrigation sys, multistoried buildings |
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Desc. the most signif NA of the 1st millenium AD (Who, where, signif)
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MOUND BUILDERS
-Ohio RV, upper mid-west MISSIPIANS -lower mid-west ANASAZI -P-d New Mexico, SW desert Signifiance; -Large populations & settlements, but declined around 1300 AD (possible drought?) |
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Desc. the most signif NA of early 1000 AD (who, where, signif)
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CREEK, CHOCTAW, CHEROKEE
SE Amer Signif: 3 sisters crops (corn, beans, squash - method retains H2O) --> rich diet, dense population IROQUOIS NE Amer Signif: most accomplished/advanced of North American natives; Iroq. Confederacy; competent military, goverment, and political organization |
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How did most NA live at the time of the Europeans' arrival (1492)?
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small groups, scattered, impermanent settlements
more adv. were agricultural & matrilineal, and had job specialization. (men hunt/fish/find fuel; women tended crops, took on positions of authority) tread lightly on land, didn't aggressively manipulate land as Europeans did |
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Where were some indirect discoveries of the New World?
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Scandinavians/Norsemen (NE N.Amer p-d Canadian province Newfoundland) ; Europeans (mostly ex-Crusaders) in pursuit of the NW Passage
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Why did Europeans enter Africa? Why then?
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Pursuit of alt. rt. to Asia + (1450 Portug. discover a way to sail home from African coast with the prevailing winds [no longer had to sail against the current/wind] + caravel)
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What were the effects European access to more of Africa (beyond the northern and western coasts)?
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gold trade; slave trade expands; plantations on islands off W. Af. Coast --> large scale commercial agric + expand use of slave labor
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What were some Portug. accomplishments on the search for alt rt to Asia?
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Sail with prevailing winds on way back to Europe from S. Africa; caravel
1488 Bart. Diaz - tip of Af 1498 Da Gama - around tip & to India Expanded Arab/Af. practice of slave trading |
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Why did Europeans want to find an alternate route to Asia?
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CRUSADES -->(Muslim control of land rt + demand for E.goods (sugar, spice, silk)) + relig. zeal (missionary work) + stress on status and honor + market
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Why did Europeans want to explore?
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money, power, labor (Africa), certain goods (east), gold & silver (New World), dawn of the Renaissance in 1300s (1400-1700) /spirit of ambitious optimism
As it was well-summed by the Spaniards, "We came to serve GOD (missionary work), the KING (land, status, power) and also to get RICH (gold)" (most spaniards were disapptd, many indebted to sponsors) |
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What enabled them to explore?
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scientific knowledge and its spread by the printing press 1450, mariner's compass, feasibility of long-range sea travel discovered by Portug.
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Who was Columbus?
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Italian seafarer, sponsored by the Spanish (K. Ferdinand and Q. Isabella), took off seeking India 10/12/1492 but found the Caribbean Island of Hispaniola (p-d haiti and dom.rep) instead
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What was the effect of Columbus' discovery?
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Worlds collide, Columbian exchange 1500s --> Population boom, econ growth and inflation in Europe; pop boom and increase in slave trade in Africa; death of Native Americans and more mobility for NA in the New World.
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Who was Spain's main competition in S. Amer? How was it solved?
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Portugal. Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 (most of land given to Spanish, but Port. got some land in Africa and Asia in addition to Brazil
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Balboa
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1513. Claimed Panama for Spain.
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Ponce de Leon
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1513. Florida for Spain
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Cortes
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1519 Conquered the Aztecs in Mexico
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Magellan
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1519-1522 circumnavigate
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Pizarro
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1531-1533 Subdued Incas in Peru --> silver to the Old world --> econ. growth, inflation money
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De Soto
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1539-1542 SE "U.S." (Florida, Mississippi) -- severely mistreated the NA
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Coronado
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1540-42 SW "U.S"
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What was the encomienda system?
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Indians <--> Christianization. provided a source of labor to work land and spread Christianity
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How did the Crusades inspire exploration?
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religious zealotry & intolerance
obsession with status & honor contempt for manual labor demand for eastern goods |
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How did Cortes conquer Mexico?
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1519 Sailed from Cuba (ARO Columbus, Carib. Islands used as launch off pt to conquer the Americas) to the Yucatan Peninsula. On his way to Mexico, he picked up a SPANISH castaway and Malinche (and Indian slave, thfr knew MAYAN and NAHAUTL, lang of Aztecs). --> mustered native support --> Allies + disease + resemblance to Az. God + counterattack (noche triste -- the unhappy, exploited Aztecs bite back) = CONQUEST 8/13/1521
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Consequences of Cortes' conquest of the Aztecs?
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300 yrs Spanish rule
Native pop decrease dramatically Christian Cathedrals replace Aztec places of worship European crops, animals, language, laws, and religion DIVERSITY aro mix & mingle (mestizos) REACTION: AMBIVALENCE! |
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Why did the Spanish want to expand their territory in the Americas?
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Secure their possessions against the French (De Verrazano & Cartier) and British (Cabot) in the north east, spread Christianity
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How did the Spanish secure their possessions?
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Fortify and settle the N.boundary: St. Augustine in Florida
SW "U.S": Onate - includes Battle of Acoma, against the Acoma Pueblos --> victory --> takeover and oppress (esp. relig) --> Pope's Rebellion 1680 --> NA undermine Spanish influence on northern border of their territory TEXAS 1716 in response to Fr. Robert de la Salle to Mississippi River CALI 1769 Father Junipero Serra --> missionary outposts along coast |
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Effects of Spanish rule
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GOOD: universities, books (spread by printing press), extravagant cathedrals, grand empire
BAD: diseased, killed, enslaved; cultural oppression; the "Black Legend" (biasedly antagonizes the Spaniards). AMBIVALENCE: diversity, cultural diffusion (as opposed to shunning and isolating the NA as the English Anglo-saxons will) |
