Ap Us Flashcards

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Albany Plan

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Benjamin Franklin submitted the Albany Plan during the Fr. and Ind. War on 1754 gathering of colonial delegates in Albany, New York. The plan called for the colonies to unify in the face of French and Native American threats. The delegates approved the plan, but the colonies rejected it for fear of losing too much power.

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Alexander Hamilton

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Hamilton emerged as a major political figure during the debate over the Constitution, as the outspoken leader of the Federalists and one of the authors of the Federalist Papers. Later, as secretary of treasury under Washington, Alexander Hamilton spearheaded the government's Federalist initiatives, most notably through the creation of the Bank of the United States.

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Alien and Sedition Acts

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A series of laws that sought to restrict the activities of people who opposed Federalist policies (1798)

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American Federation of Labor

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The first federation of labor unions in the United States. Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886

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Andrew Carnegie

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Built a steel mill empire; US STEEL. Used vertical integration.

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Annapolis Convention

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Originally planning to discuss the promotion of interstate commerce, delegates from five states met at Annapolis in September 1786 and ended up suggesting a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation

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Antebellum

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phrase meaning before the civil war

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Anti-Federalists

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Anti-Federalists rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states

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Article X

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Part of the Treaty of Versaille that created the League of Nations

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Articles of Confederation

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Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles established the United States of America. The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states. The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn't govern the country's finances or maintain stability. The Constitution replaced them in 1789

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Atlantic Charter

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product of a secret by FDR and Churchill; discussed post war aims and goals; advocated self determination of peoples

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Bacon's Rebellion

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In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon, a Virginia planter, led a group of 300 settlers in a war against the local Native Americans. When Virginia's royal governor questioned Bacon's actions, Bacon and his men looted and burned Jamestown. Bacon's Rebellion manifested the increasing hostility between the poor and wealthy in the Chesapeake region.

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Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

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Taft cabinet members who had fought over conservation efforts and how much effort and money should be put into conserving national resources

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Barbary Pirates

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Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

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Shots heard round the world

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The battles of Lexington and Concord initiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British. British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston

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Big-Stick Policy

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Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen

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Bill Of Rights

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Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.

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Bleeding Kansas

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Missouri border ruffians crossed into the Kansas to vote against slavery (led by John Brown) - severely divided the fledgling state

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Booker T. Washington

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Influential black educator and leader. Said black could be social separated with whites, but together on other issues.

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Bull Moose Party

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Teddy Roosevelt's party in the election of 1812

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Cash and Carry

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countries such as Britain and France would have to pay for American goods in cash and provide transportation for them. This would keep US ships out of the war zone and eliminate the need for war loans

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Citizen Genet

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French minister to the US, broke rules of diplomacy by appealing directly to Americans

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Clayton Anti-trust Act

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1914 - Extended the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 to give it more power against trusts and big business. It outlawed practices that had a dangerous likelihood of creating a monopoly, even if no unlawful agreement was involved

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Committees of Correspondence

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Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

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Compromise of 1850

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Devised by Clay - California was free state, stricter Fugitive Slave Law, ended Slave Trade in DC

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Coxey's Army

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Protest march of unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey. Marched on Washington in 1894.

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Credit Moblier Scandal

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1872 - Union Pacific Railway created a ficticious construction company and hired itself to work (using government funds) - scandal broke loose and leaders attempted to bribe Congress with Union Pacific stock

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Creel Committee

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Headed by George Creel, this committee was in charge of propaganda for WWI (1917-1919). He depicted the U.S. as a champion of justice and liberty

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Dawes Act

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An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism.

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Declaratory Act

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Passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act, the Declaratory Act stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. Most colonists interpreted the act as a face-saving mechanism and nothing more. Parliament, however, continually interpreted the act in its broadest sense in order to legislate in and control the colonies.

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Dollar Diplomacy

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Foriegn Policy idea by Taft to make countries dependant on the U.S. by heavily investing in their economies

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Dred Scott vs. Sanford

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Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

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Embargo Act

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In response to impressment, this bill halted all foreign trade with disastrous economic consequences (1807)

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Eugene v. Debs

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Supreme Court case that upheld state restrictions on the working hours of women

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Federal Reserve System

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1913 - central banking system of the US - created by the Federal Reserve Act - quasi public system

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Federalists

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Led by Alexander Hamilton, the Federalists believed in a strong central government, loose interpretation, and encouraged commerce and manufacturing. They were staunch supporters of the Constitution during ratification and were a political force during the early years of the United States. The Federalist influence declined after the election of Republican Thomas Jefferson to the presidency and disappeared completely after the Hartford Convention.

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First Continental Congress

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The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

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1st Great Awakening

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The First Great Awakening was a time of religious fervor during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism and the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent and urging a personal understanding of truth.

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14 Points

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Speech delivered by Woodrow Wilson at a Joint Session of Congress - gave reasons US should engage in WWI

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Freedmen's Bureau

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1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

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Freeport Doctrine

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Stated that exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property

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Gilded Age

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Late 1800s to Early 1900s - time of large increase in wealth caused by industrialization

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Great White Fleet

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1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

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Harriet Beecher Stowe

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She wrote the abolitionist book, Uncle Tom's Cabin. It helped to crystallize the rift between the North and South. It has been called the greatest American propaganda novel ever written, and helped to bring about the Civil War.

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Hartford Convention

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Meeting by Federalists dissatisfied with the war to draft a new Constitution; resulted in seemingly traitorous Federalist party's collapse

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Cabot Lodge

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Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

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Henry Clay's American System

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Plan for economic growth: establish a protective tariff, establish a national bank, and improve the country's transporation system

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Whigs

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The Whigs were originally colonists supporting independence. In the mid 1830s, the Whig Party opposed Jackson's strong-armed leadership style and policies. The Whigs promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government. Reaching its height of popularity in the 1830s, the Whigs disappeared from the national political scene by the 1850s.

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Insular Cases

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Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.

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Interstate Commerce Act

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Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

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Intolerable Acts

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Intolerable Acts, passed in 1774, were the combination of the four Coercive Acts, meant to punish the colonists after the 1773, Boston Tea Party and the unrelated Quebec Act. The Intolerable Acts were seen by American colonists as a blueprint for a British plan to deny the Americans representative government. They were the impetus for the convening of the First Continental Congress.

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J.P. Morgan

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Business man -refinanced railroads during depression of 1893 - built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competeing railroads - marketed US governemnt securities on large scale

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Jacob Riis

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Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

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Polk

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Polk was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and he won the election. Polk favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. He was a friend and follower of Andrew Jackson. He opposed Clay's American System, instead advocating lower tariff, separation the treasury and the federal government from the banking system. He was a nationalist who believed in Manifest Destiny.

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John C. Calhoun

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South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification he was a warhawk

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Rockefeller

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American businessman - founder of Standard Oil Co. (major monopoly) Horizontal integration

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John Winthrop

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As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

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Judiciary Act

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established a Supreme Court and district courts (1789)

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

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created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed the settlers to decide whether or not to have slavery within those territories

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KY and VA Resolutions

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Jefferson and Madison's response to Alien and Sedition Acts. Promoted states' right to nullify federal laws considered unconstitutional (1799)

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Know Nothing Party

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1850s - Nativist movement - against Irish Immigrants

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Lecompton Constitution

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pro-slavery constitution suggested for Kansas' admission to the union - rejected

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Lend Lease Act

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replaced cash and carry; allowed Britain to borrow US war materials

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Elizabeth Stanton

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A prominent advocate of women's rights, Stanton organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott

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Lusitania

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May 7, 1915 - British passenger ships were regularly sunk by German subs - had Americans aboard and brought the U.S. into the war. Germany promised to stop submarine warfare.

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Marbury v. Madison

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(1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review

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Missouri Compromise

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Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)

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Muckrakers

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1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business

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New Freedom

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Woodrow Wilson's philosphy - trusts were busted so government must now regulate business

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New Nationalism

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Theo Roosevelt's system in which the government would cordinate economic activity - government would regulate business

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Northwest Ordinance

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The 1787 Northwest Ordinance defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the Northwest Territory. He ordinance forbade slavery in the territory but allowed citizens to vote on the legality of slavery once statehood had been established. The Northwest Ordinance was the most lasting measure of the national government under the Articles of Confederation

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Ostend Manifesto

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Attempt to buy Cuba from Spain for $20 million - not carried out

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Pendleton Civil Service Act

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(1883): Did away with the "spoils system" and made the hiring of federal employees merit based.

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Platt Amendment

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Specified when the US could interviene in Cuban affairs

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Pontiac's Rebellion

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After the French and Indian War, colonists began moving westward and settling on Indian land. This migration led to Pontiac's Rebellion in 1763, when a large number of Indian tribes banded together under the Ottawa chief Pontiac to keep the colonists from taking over their land. Pontiac's Rebellion led to Britain's Proclamation of 1763, which stated that colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains.

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French and Indian War

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The name for the North American theater of the Seven Years War & was a successful attempt to move the French out of the Ohio Valley & to stop Indian raids on frontier settlements.Historical Significance: Colonists gained pride in their own military strength, felt more disconnected from Britain, & were left without fear of French a invasion.

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Salutary Neglect

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Prime Minister Robert Walpole's policy in dealing with the American colonies. He was primarily concerned with British affairs & believed that unrestricted trade in the colonies would be more profitable for England than would taxation of the colonies.

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George Grenville

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Became the Prime Minister of England in 1763; proposed the Sugar & Stamp Acts to raise revenue in the colonies in order to defray the expenses of the French & Indian War & to maintain Britain's expanded empire in America.

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Proclamation of 1763

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Forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains & required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

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Shay's Rebellion

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An armed uprising that took place in central and western Massachusetts protesting mortgage foreclosures. Historical Significance:Highlighted the need for a strong national government.

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Land Ordinance of 1785

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Townships 6 miles square would be surveyed then divided into sections equaling 1 square mile.The sections were to be sold in lots of 640 acres at no less than $1 per acre.The revenue from the sale of one section for each township would be used to develop public education.

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VA Plan

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Leaders: James Madison and Edmund Randolph

Provisions: Called for a strong national government with three branches and a two-chamber legislature with each state's representation based on its population.

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NJ Plan

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Leaders:William PattersonProvisions:Called for a unicameral legislature in which each State would be equally represented.

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Great Compromise (Connecticut)

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Provisions:1) A state's representation in the House of Representatives was to be based on population.2) The states' representation in the Senate would be equal.3) All money bills would originate in the House.4) Direct taxes on states were to be assessed by population.

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3/5 Compromise

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Provisions:Three-fifths of a state's slave population would be counted for purposes of taxation and representation.A fugitive slave law required that runaway slaves who escaped to a free state must be returned to their owners.

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Whiskey Rebellion (1791)

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American uprising over the establishment of a federal tax on liquor; was quickly ended by George Washington and 13,000 troops.Historical Significance:Demonstrated that the new national government had the willingness and ability to suppress violent resistance to its laws.

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Pinckney Treaty (1795)

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US & Spanish Empire Terms:

Established the 31st parallel as the border between the United States and Spanish West Florida.

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Jay Treaty (1794)

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US & Great Britain Terms:

Stopped the search and seizure of American ships by the British, made America pay pre-revolutionary debts, and opened British ports.

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Washington's Farewell Address

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Warned against permanent foreign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country, established precedent of two-term presidency

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XYZ Affair (1797)

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Incident that precipitated an undeclared war with France when three French officials demanded that American emissaries pay a bribe before negotiating disputes between the two countries.

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Marshall Court

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Strengthened the power of the federal government over that of the states.

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Treaty of Ghent (1814)

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Ended the War of 1812 Terms:

Largely restored relations between the U.S. and Great Britain to status quo ante bellum.

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Effects of War of 1812

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The U.S. economy was devastated.Large areas of the nation's capitol were destroyed.American nationalism intensified.The nation won foreign respect for its military capabilities.The Federalists and New England were discredited for their antipathy to the war and the actions they took to impede its efforts.Military careers were launched and enhanced by the war.

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Era of Good Feelings

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A period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans; closely associated with Monroe's presidency.

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"Corrupt Bargain"

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Refers to the claim from the supporters of Andrew Jackson that John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay had worked out a deal to ensure that Adams was elected president by the House of Representatives in 1824.

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Spoils System

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A practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory and as an incentive to keep working for the party.

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Lowell Mills

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Textile mills located in a factory town in Massachusetts; employed mostly women between the ages of 16 and 35 known as Lowell Mill Girls.Historical Significance:Workers actively participated in early labor reform by circulating legislative petitions, forming labor organizations, contributing essays and articles to a pro-labor newspaper, and participating in "turn-outs" or strikes.

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2nd Great Awakening

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A series of religious revivals starting in 1801; stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects.

Leaders:Charles Finney

Historical Significance:Influenced the antebellum reform movements.

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Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

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An early and influential women's rights convention at which the push for women's suffrage first gained national prominence.

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Webster-Ashburton Treaty

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Settled the boundary dispute between Maine and Canada. Ended the slave trade on the high seas.

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Mexican American War

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The U.S. annexed Texas and sought to acquire the California-New Mexico region. President James K. Polk sent John Slidell to negotiate with Mexico, but his proposal was rejected. Polk sent troops into the disputed area near the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. The U.S. declared war on Mexico after 16 soldiers were killed near the disputed territory.The American forces - led by Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott - took control of the entire southwest.

Historical Significance:Taylor emerged as a war hero; contributed to the growing slavery debate in the U.S.

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Popular Sovereignty

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Doctrine that allowed the residents of U.S. territories - and not Congress - to decide whether or not to accept or reject slavery.

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Copperheads

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A vocal group of Northern Democrats who opposed the American Civil War, wanting an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates.

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Battle of Antietam (1862)

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Single bloodiest day of the American Civil War; Union victory that turned back a Confederate invasion of the North.

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Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

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Radical Republican plan for Reconstruction that required 50% of a state's 1860 voters to take an "iron clad" oath of allegiance and a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials; pocket-vetoed by Lincoln.

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13th Amendment

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Outlawed Slavery

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Carpetbagger

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A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states.

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Scalawags

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A derogatory term for white Southerners who supported Reconstruction following the Civil War.

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Tenure of Office Act (1867)

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Denied the president the power to remove any executive officer who had been appointed by a past president without the advice and consent of the Senate; passed over Johnson's veto.

Front 110

Compromise of 1877

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The unwritten deal that settled the Election of 1876.Provisions:The removal of all federal troops from the former Confederate States.The appointment of at least one Southern Democrat to Hayes's cabinet.The construction of another transcontinental railroad using the Texas and Pacific in the South.Legislation to help industrialize the South.Historical Significance:Reconstruction came to a sudden end.

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Jim Crow Laws

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State and local laws mandating de jure racial segregation in Southern states.

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Gilded Age Presidents

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scandals.Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-81) - Tried to restore honesty to the government after the corruption of the Grant Administration.James Garfield (1881) - Assassinated.Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885) - Supported civil service reform to address the patronage problem.Grover Cleveland (1885-89) - Won the support of reform-minded Mugwumps.Benjamin Harrison (1889-93) - Overshadowed by a powerful Billion Dollar Congress.Grover Cleveland (1893-97) - Lost the support of the of labor unions & the agrarian wing of the Democratic Party.

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Waving the Bloody Shirt

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Refers to the practice of politicians referencing the blood of martyrs or heroes to criticize opponents.

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Stalwarts

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A political faction of the Republican Party; favored the spoils system and political machines.

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Halfbreeds

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A political faction of the Republican Party; favored civil-service reform and the merit system.

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Mugwumps

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Republican Party activists who had switched to the Democratic Party because they did not like the financial corruption that was associated with the Republican candidate James G. Blaine in 1884.

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Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

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Law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry; created the Interstate Commerce Commission to railroads and ensure that they complied with the new regulations.

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Direct Primary

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An election in which party members select people to run in the general election.

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Recall

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Procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office.

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Referendum

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Procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature.

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Initiative

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Procedure whereby a certain number of voters may, by petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters.

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Social Darwinism

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The application of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to the business world; used by industrialists and social conservatives to discourage any government regulation in society.

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Pullman Strike (1894)

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Railroad strike that started when the Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages while maintaining high rents; led by Eugene V. Debs; ended when President Grover Cleveland called in federal troops.

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Yellow Journalism

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Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers.Leaders:William Randolph Hearst, Joseph Pulitzer

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Zimmerman Telegram

Back 125

Communication intercepted by U.S. officials stating that Germany would help Mexico take back territory lost if they declared war on the United States.

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Yalta Conference (1945)

Back 126

Between Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill. Confirmed what was discussed in the Tehran Conference about setting up United Nations. Stalin promised to allow democratic elections in countries taken by Russia. Promise was reneged, however.

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Potsdam Conference (1945)

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Divided Germany into 4 military regions each controlled by the US, France, Great Britain, and the USSR after World War II. Berlin was also divided in the same manner.

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US Post War

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Reconstruction of Europe - US helped to rebuild the economies of Western European nations such as France, Great Britain, Norway, the Netherlands, Denmark, Greece, & GermanyMilitary Superiority - Originally achieved through a nuclear monopoly, later through nuclear superiorityContainment - US sought to stop the spread of communism

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Joint Stock Corporations

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By 1600, the English crown and parliament were hesitant to spend money on colonization, having exhausted much time and money in the battle against the Spanish for position in North America. In the absence of government funding, joint-stock companies formed to accrue funding for colonization

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Food Administration

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Created by Wilson during WWI - Led by Herbert Hoover - set up ration system to save food for soldiers

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Fugitive Slave Law

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Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

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Open Door Policy

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Foreign policy that stated all countries should have equal commercial and industrial trade rights

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Square Deal

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Name of TD's programs of reform. Focused on busting trusts, gov't regulation of big biz, fair chance for labor, and environmental conservation

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Treaty of Paris (1783)

Back 134

While there have been many Treaties of Paris throughout history. The most important in American History is the treaty signed in September 1783 and ratified by Congress in January 1784, which ended the Revolutionary War and granted the United States its independence. It further granted the U.S. all land east of the Mississippi River. While generally accepted, the Treaty of Paris opened the door to future legislative and economic disputes.

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Uncle Tom's Cabin

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abolitionist book by Harriet Beecher Stowe

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Upton Sinclair

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author who wrote a book about the horrors of food productions in 1906 - wrote The Jungle

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Wilmot Proviso

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Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico (1846)

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Navigation Laws

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A series of strict British trade policies designed to promote English shipping & control colonial trade in regard to important crops (such as tobacco) & resources, which had to be shipped exclusively on British ships.

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Battle of Bunker Hill

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First major battle of the American Revolution; ended in colonial defeat.

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Olive Branch Petition (1775)

Back 140

Adopted by the Continental Congress in an attempt to avoid a full-blown war with Great Britain.

Front 141

Chief Tecumseh

Back 141

Shawnee leader who tried to unite Native American groups in order to fight the migration of settlers into the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys.

Front 142

Trail of Tears

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The forced relocation of the Cherokee tribe to the Western United States; resulted in the deaths of an estimated 4,000 Cherokees.

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Morrill Tariff (1861)

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A high protective tariff enacted to protect and encourage industry and the high wages of industrial workers and to raise revenue during the American Civil War.

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Appomattox Courthouse

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Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrender to General Grant effectively ending the war; Lincoln was assassinated five days later by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.

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Ten Percent Plan (1863)

Back 145

Abraham Lincoln's proposed plan for Reconstruction; introduced before the end of the War allowing Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas to establish fully functioning governments by 1864.

Provisions: Called for states to be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of their 1860 voters had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation.

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Sit Down Strikes

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workers would occupy the workplace but refuse to work

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Federal Reserve Act

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new banking system that consisted of 12 regional banks that were publicly controlled by the new Board.

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16th Amendment

Back 148

authorized the federal government to collect an income tax.

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Ohio Gang

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Warren G. Harding's cabinet's nickname during a presidency of scandal

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Virtual Representation

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Prime minister George Grenville invoked the concept of virtual representation to explain why Parliament could legally tax the colonists even though the colonists could not elect any members of Parliament. The theory of virtual representation held that the members of Parliament did not only represent their specific geographic constituencies but also took into consideration the well-being of all British subjects when deliberating on legislation.