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167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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another name for World War I
aug. 1914 Austro-Hungary invaded Serbia. Us enters in 1917 most savage conflict in history |
the Great War
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civilian population/ societies against one another
1917- europe on brink of collapse ends 1918- germ. loss 2 million; russia 1.7 million; france 1.4 million; GB 900,000; 112,000 americans |
total war
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alliance of Britain France Russia
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Triple Entente/ allied Powers
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alliance of Germany, Austro-Hungary, Italy(switches)
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Triple Alliance/ Central Powers
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heir to austro0hungarian empire
assassinated @ sarajevo, Bosnia by sebian june 28 1914 alliances declare war |
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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wilson delcares neutrality but not in reality= sympathize w/ britain
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Wilson's Neutrality
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germ. sub sank brit. passenger ship
kills 1,198 pl- 128 americans |
Lusitania
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germans use unrestricted sub warfare and fire on merchant ships w/o warning
america tells them to stop german withdraw to avoid causing america to enter war germans start again in Jan. |
U-boats
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feb 25. Brits give wilson this
intercepted from German foreign minister to MX said in event of war w/ germany and US; MX enter on german side and would reieve "lost provinces" after war inflamed american public opinion |
Zimmerman telegram
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march 1917
rev. against czarist regime; replace w/ rep. govt US wont have to side with despotic monarchy war declared april 6 1917 |
Bolshevik Revolution
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led govt of Russia
withdrew Russia from war- 1918 >>> allows more German troops to fight on western font |
Lenin
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US standing army= small. 120,000 in army
80,000 national guard roosevelt advocates voluntary recruitment wilson believes national draft would provide men |
American Expeditionary Force
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mid-may
3 million men in army 2 million in other branches voluntarily= AEF women permitted= auxiliary roles in hospitals |
selective service act
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american psychological association
measure intelligenceof soldiers less effective in measuring intelligence- measure education reflects white mid-class |
IQ tests
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led americans in Pancho Villa, TX, & MX
retained command strucutre seperate from other Allies- joined allied forces in 1918 |
General Pershing
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british battleship
used turbine propulsion, hydraulic gun controls, electric light, wireless telegraphy |
Drednought
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war led to achieve democratic postwar settlement that rests on international relations
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Wilsonianism
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8 recommendations for postwar boundaries reflect self-determintaion; 5 principles governing int. conduct; freedom of seas, open covenants, decrease in armaments, free trade, imp, mediation of colonial claims, league of nations
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14 points
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Name the Big Four
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Lloyd George- GB
Clemenceau- France Vittorio Orlando- Italy Wilson-USA |
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international organization that wilson endorsed to oversee world affairs and prevent future wars
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League of Nations
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ended WWI
reperations, mandate system, germans lost colonial possessions. victors gain colonial possessions tax germany Heavily league of nations |
Treaty of Paris
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chairman of Foreign Relations Committee
tried to obstruct and Delay treaty |
Henry Cabot Lodge
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western isolationist senators
oppose treaty of paris |
irreconcibiles
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major drive to solicit loans from american people
produce $23 billion new taxes(inheritance & income) |
liberty bonds
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wilson 1916
members of cabinet and civilan advisory commission= set up local defense councils in every state and localiity proved unworkable propse to divide it functionality not geographically |
Council of National Defense
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young engineer and business exec. elevated to prominence by "war board" handling food
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Herbert Hoover
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july 1917
coordinate govt purchases of military supplies bad until put under control of wall street financier BERNARD BAUCH>> then has power |
War Industries Board
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business men in WIB
took paid leave from corp jobs to work for govt token salary |
dollar-a-year men
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april 1918
resolve labor disputes, pressure industry ofr: 8 hour workday, min liviing standards, equal pay for women, right of unions, and workers will forgo all strikes union membership increase to 1.5 million and from 19 17 to 1919 |
National War Labor Board
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western federation of miners
bloodiest strike to improve conditions in the mines ludlow, CO 1914 walk out of rockefeller's coal mines> state militia called in, 39 people died precursor to continued conflict that war did little to discourage |
Ludlow Massacre
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100,000 African Americans move from rural south to northern industrial cities
move from poverty and racism in south. possible jobs in north |
Great Migration
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a leader of fight for women's suffrage
created WOMEN"S PEACE PARTY effort to keep US out of war |
Carrie Chapman Catt
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single largets women org
supported war as patriotic org. |
National American Woman Suffrage Association
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propaganfa campaign to achieve social unity
portrays germans as savage |
Committe on Public Information
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created penalties for spying, sabotage, or obstruction of war
post office can ban "seditious" material from mail |
Espionage Act 1917
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expand espionage act to make illegal any proclamation of opposition to war= allows officials to persecute anyone who criticizes pres. or govt
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Sedition and Sabotage Acts of 1918
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largest citizens' group to root out disloyalty
enlist 250,000 to pry into activities of neighbors open mail, tap phone... |
American Protective League
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targets repression mainly irish americans and jews, German-Americans
>>german language, books, music banned |
100% Americanism
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strike in response to layoffs and wage cuts demand recog. of union
boston erupts in violence and looting |
Boston Police Strike
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mass. governor
called in nat. guard to restore order dismissed entire police force of Boston and hired new one b/c f strike |
Governor Calvin Coolidge
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greatest strike in american history. sept 1919
steelowrkers in east and midwest cities walkoff job employers hire armed guards riot in IN strike collapses in Jan.- labor didnt recover for a decade |
Steelworkers Strike
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black teenager stoned by whites while swimming in chicago> black crowd retaliates> white crowd attacks back= war in chicago for a week
Red Summer 1919 |
Chicago Race Riots
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black jamaican
attract wide following from poor urban blacks w/ ideaology of black nationalism encourage af.american to take pride in own achievements and heritage UNITED NEGRO IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION urge return to Africa |
Marcus Garvey
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russian rev. of 1917 made clear that communism was no longer just a theory but an important regime and created this
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Red Scare
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soviet govt- communist international
export revolultion around the world |
Comiterm
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series of raids on alleged radical centers throughout country> arrest 6000 people
intended to uncover weapons and explosive= didnt |
Palmer Raids
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italian immigrants charged with murders of paymaster in massachusettes
evidence against both was weak, both were anarchists= public convinced of guilt may 20 1990 |
Sacco and Vanzetti
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women gain right to vote
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19th amendment
1920 |
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republican- won presidency 1920. landslide.
Return to ______ |
Harding
Return to Normalcy |
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seen as an era of affluence, conservatism, and cultural frivolity
reality: dramatic social, econ, and political changes |
roaring twenties
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age when america becomes a modern nation
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new era
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created modern admin. system- 1920s. w/ divisional org.
easier for GM to control subsidaries & expand further |
Alfred Sloan
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employers adopt paternalistic techniques- 1920s
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welfare capitalism
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term for women's low paying service occupations
sec. sales clerk. telephone operators. |
pink collar jobs
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led and founded Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
represents virtually all black work force gained increase in wages |
A. Philip Randolph
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term for japanese immigrants
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issei
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term for american- born children of japanese immigrants
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nisei
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raw urban lg. MX communities w/o basic plumbing and sewage
LA, San Antonis, Denver |
barrio
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no worker could be made to join a union
1919 "American Plan" endorsed by National Association of Manufacturers |
open shops
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formula for setting adequate price for farm goods to ensure farmer earn back production costs
high tariffs against foreign agr. goods govt buys surplus of domestic crops |
parity
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1924 &1928.
required parity for grain, cotton, tobbacco, and rice coolidge vetoed both times |
McNary-Haugen Bill
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daughtery, fall, and others of ohio gang
harding transferred control of reserves from Navy Dept to Interior Dept. influence by Fall> leased to businessmen= convicted of bribery |
Teapot Dome Scandal
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sec. of treasury- 1920s
worked for a decrease in taxes on corp. profits, incomes, and inheritances congress cuts by 1/2 |
Andrew Mellon
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commerce secretary
said public institutions had a duty to play active role in creating cooperative order |
Herbert Hoover
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Hoover
creation of national org. of businessmen in particular industries stabilize industries and promote efficiency |
Associationalism
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growth in use of this expanded geographic horizons- escape rural isolation
move to suburbs |
automobiles
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advertising exec.
The Man Nobody Knows- portrays christ as a salesman- forged 12 people into 1 org. |
Bruce Barton
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1871
mass- mag- appeal to rural small town familiy- traditionalism |
Saturday Evening Post
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dewill and wallace 1921condensed stories to make expanding knowledge avialiable to more
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Reader's Digest
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by Luce and Hadden 1923
condense news for busy people who dont have time to read newspapers |
TIME
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1st feature length "talkie" 1927created national excitement
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the Jazz Singer
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studio owners, Will Hays (heads)
trade assoc. review filters and bans anything that offens viewrs |
Motion Picture Association
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1st national radio network 1927
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National Broadcasting Co.
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spokesman for liberal protestantism
basis for christianity not unexamined faith, but developed personality |
Harry Emerson Fodick
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led "behaviorist" psychology
challenge asumptions that women have instinctive capacity for motherhood mothers should rely on advice of professionals |
John Watson
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midclass wife shared more in husband's social life
dont let children get in the w/ marital relatioship |
"compassionate" marriage
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birth control advocate
promoted diaphragm and other |
Maragaret Sanger
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liberated dress, hairstyle, speech and behavior
low mid class and wk class single women |
flapper
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women org. 1920
response to gaining suffrage |
League of Women's Voters
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fed funds to states to establish prenatal and child healthcare programs
produces controversey- alice paul and supporters oppose b/c classifies all women as mothers |
Sheppard-Towner Act
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1st aviator to make solo flight across atlantic ocean.
national hero self-made man |
Charles Lindbergh
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named by Gertrude Stein
view of war being a fraud- nothing changed |
Lost Generation
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A Farewell to Arms
shwos contempt of modern society - 1929 |
Ernest Hemingway
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savage crtiquies of modern society
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debunkers
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baltimore journalist
Smart Set American Mercury ridiculed mid class religion, politics, art, democracy |
H.L. Mencken
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1st american to win nobelprize in literature
Main Strett, Babbitt, Arrowsmith lashed out at smalltown, city, med proffessionals, and religion |
Sinclair Lewis
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Great Gatsby- ridiculed american obsession w/ material success
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F. Scott Fitzgerald
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influential historians stressed economic factors in development of modern society
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Charles and Mary Beard
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new generation of black artists and intellectuals
popular culture jazz musician- DUKE ELLINGTON theaters, center of lit,poetry african roots |
Harlem Renaissance
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poet of Harlem Renaissance
captured spirit in "I am a Negro- and beautiful" |
`Langston Hughes
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small circle of poets at Vanderbilt University
Warren, Ransom, Tate and others evoked strong rural traditions of south published collection of essays I'll Take My Stand- critique of industrialization |
Fugitives
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#of immigrants of any nationality cant be more than 3%of # of nationality in US in 1916
cut immig from 800,000 to 300,000 |
Immigration restriction act 1921
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banned all imigration from east asia
angers japanese would be based on 1892 census |
National Origins Act 1924
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white southerners near atlanta-1915
after WWI expand attention to catholics jews and foeginers |
New KKK
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largely rural men and women
fight to maintain centrality of religion literal bible interpreatation. oppose darwin |
fundamentalists
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Addams, Thomas, Keller
offered free counsel to TE educato willing to defy law against teachign evolutionic |
American Civil Liberties Union
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bio teacher stands about against ban on teaching evolution> found guilty in court fined $100
makes prosecutor - Bryan- look foolish and amde him admit that religious dogma could have more than on interpretation |
Scopes Monkey Trial
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irish catholic tammanyite
dem nominee 1928 supported urban democ. can't unite party- doesnt carry entire south lost to Hoover |
Al Smith
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good stock market- people are buying- long sustained growth
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bull market
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oct 29 1929
all efforts to save stock market fail> deeply depressed for 4 years takes decade to recover |
Black Tuesday
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urges leaders of business, labor and agriculture to adopt voluntary cooperation for recovery
>>collapsed |
Hoover's volunteerism
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april 1929- hoover
1st major govt prog to help farmers maintain prices |
Agriculture Marketing Act
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would make loans to national marketing cooperatives or est. corp. to buy surpluses and raise prices
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Farm Board
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1930- hoover
increased protection on 75 farm products increase on agric. tariff didnt help farmers significantly |
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
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american people blamed hoover for crisis
called shanytowns of unemployed this |
hoovervilles
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jan 1932
govt agency to provide federal loans to troubled banks, RR, and other businesses made funds available to local govts for public works projects operated on lg. scale= $1.5 billion budget on public works failed to deal directly with real problems |
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
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summer 1932
des moines, iowa endorsed withholding of farm products from market spread to a few neighboring areas> dissolved in failure |
Farmers' Holiday Association
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20,000 veterans of WWI march on washington D.C. want $1,000 bonus early
hoover sends in army> vets flee> bad public image for Hoover |
Bonus Army
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period between election and inauguration
>economic crisis increased between hoover and FDR |
interregum
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texas to dakotas experience a decrease in rainfall and increase in heat- black blizzards
farm prices drop> sell land= okies travel to CA and other states |
Dust Bowl
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adjust furrows to shape of land to break wind's velocity and discourage water erosion
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contour plowing
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forest service
plant 200 million trees to slow dusty winds of dust bowl |
shelter belts
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Atlanta-1930
"no jobs for niggas until every white man has a job" 1932> 1/2 black w/o employment |
black shirts
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9 black teenagers- march 1931
taken off freight train from AL and arrested for disorder. 2 white women on train accused them of rape evidence says they werent raped but jury still convicts them- supreme ct overturns death sentence |
Scottsboro Case
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NAACP supporters
help break down racial barriers in unions 1/2 million blacks join labor movement by not working as strike breakers |
Congress if Industrial Organizations
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mexican americans
occupy lower ranks of unskilled labor force some forced to leave country when Great Depression causes whites to want their jobs |
chicanos
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jap-american businessmen 1930
encourage nisei themselves to assimilate |
Japanese American Citizens League
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dale carnegie- 1936
self help manual preaching individual initiative ways to get ahead |
How to Win Friends and Influence People
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protestant theologian
preached virtues of positive thinking and individual initiative- radio addresses |
Harry Emerson Fodick
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photographer
produce memorable studies of farm families and surroundings reveal savage impact of hostile environment on its victims |
Dorthea Lange
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Erskine Caldwell- 1932
expose of poverty in rural south |
Tobacco Road
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portrayed trial of workers and migrants in CA
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John Steinbeck
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comedies Amos 'n' Andy; Adventure of Superman, Dick Tracy, Lone Ranger
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Escapist programming
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tv programs geared towards women
comp. stories of romance w/o social/ political messages |
soap operas
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actor/director- 1938
created panic when fict news story of aliens landing in NJ first aired and ppl believed it to be real |
Orson Welles
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he censored movies by not allowing any sensational or controversial messages
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Will Hays
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director
provided muted social message in: Mr.Deeds goes to town Mr.Smith goes to Washington Meet John Doe celebrates virtues of small town and deceny of common people |
Frank Capra
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walt disney -1928
Mickey Mouse- cartoon short |
steamboat willie
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walt disney- 1937
1st feature length film |
snow white
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Gone With the Wind- 1936
romantic saga set in earlier era |
Margaret Mitchell
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new popular photographic journal-1936
largest readership of any publication in US stunning photos of sporting and theater events, landscapes, and public projects |
LIFE
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writer for USA trilogy
attacked "materilistic madness" of american culture |
John Dos Passos
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"anti fascist" groups coalition on left- American communist party (most important)
praised New Deal |
popular front
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powerful anti-comm. leader
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John L. Lewis
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3000 young american men who traveled to spain to join in fight against fascists
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Abraham Lincoln Brigade
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For Whom the Bell Toll--1940
spanish civil was provided americans who fought a sense of brotherhood |
Ernest Hemingway
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H.L. Mitchell-socialist
biracial coalition of sharecroppers tenant farmers to deman econ. reform no real progress @ est. socialism as major force in AMer. politics |
Southern Tenant Farmers Union
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by john steinbeck
tells of migrants from dust bowl to CA harsh portait of exploaitive feature of agrarian life in west |
Grapes of Wrath
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Roosevelt- 1930s
construct foundations of fed. welfare system. extend nat. regulation in economy. govt major force in agrarian economy. produced new liberal ideaology |
New Deal
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roosevelt used the radio to explain his programs and plans to people, build public confidence
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fireside chats
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march 6
closed american banks for 4 days give congress time to consider bank-reform legislation |
Bank Holiday
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march 9
protect lg banks from being dragged down by weaker wons. treasury dept inspects all banks before reopening. fed assist to troubled institution >>3/4 banmks reopen and $1billion flowed back into banks |
Emergency Banking Act
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legalized manufacture and sale of beer
repealed prohibition |
21st amendment
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min wage 30-40 cent per hour, max wk week of 35-40 hour ;abolition of child labor
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blanket code
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part of NRA promised wks right to form unions
no enforcement mechanism |
Section 7a
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this case declared the NRA unconstitutional b/c it gave the pres. legislative powers
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Schneter Case
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director of NY state relief agency
administer of FERA |
Harry Hopkins
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provided mortgage relief to farm and homewoners
refinance 1/5 of all farm mortgages |
Farm Credit Administration
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allowed farmers to regain land even after foreclosure
25% of all america farm owners still lost famrs |
Frazier-Lemke Bankruptcy Act
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insure mortgages for new consturction and home repairs
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Federal Housing Administration
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led by Dupoint family-roosevelt oppnonents
arouse oublic opposition to new deal policies not able to expand beyond northern industrialists |
American Liberty League
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elderly CA physician
led 5 million + members with a plan for federal pension for elderly Roosevelt adopts similar but less radical policiy in Social Security |
Dr. Francis Townsend
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catholic priest who gave weekly sermons over national radio
sympathy to fascism advocate for changing banking and currency system |
Father Charles Coughlin
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strident attacks on banks, oil co. and utlilities
prog. accomplishment as gov. built roads, schools, hospitals. SHARE OUR WEALTH- redistribute using taz syst. |
Senator Huey P Long
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introduce National Labor Realtions Act
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Robert Wagner
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leader of the united mine workers created CIO=> AFL rejects
expanded labor movement. more receptive to blacks and women |
John Lewis
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auto workers sut down in plants and refuse to work until demands are met
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sit-down strikes
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stiking workers or Republic Steel march peacfully towards steel plant
police open fire= 10 killed, 90 wounded public outcry |
Memorial Day Massacre
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sec of labor
lobby for fed. sponsored social insurance for elderly> Social Security Act |
Frances Perkins
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roosevelt- feb 1937
wants to add 6 new justices to supreme ct. congrerss defeats proposal |
court packing scheme
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this occured in 1937
admin reduces spending |
Roosevelt Recession
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1938
est. national min. wage, 40 hr wk week. limits on child labor |
Fair Labor Standard Act
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black singer
refused permission to sing in auditorium owned by Daughter's of American Revolution E. roosevelt= got her to sing @ Lincoln Memorial |
Marian Anderson
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Weaver, Hastie, McLeod
informal network of office holders who consult frquently with one another- help black |
black cabinet
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commissioner of indian affairs
promote cultural relativism= idea that every culture should be respected and accepted on its own terms |
John Collier
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restored tribes to right to own land collectively. increase tribal land by 4 million acres
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Indian Reorganization Act-1934
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1st women ever elected to a full term in US senate (AK 1934)
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Hattie Caraway
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