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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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created proces for converting iron into steel- blow out impurities
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Henry Bessemer
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1868- NJ
open hearth process to convert iron to steel largely replaced Bessemer process produced steel in lg. quantities |
Abram Hewitt
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employee of Bissell
est. 1st oil well titusville, PA produced 500 oil barrels a month |
Edwin Drake
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created four stroke engine- 1800s
precursor to auto engines |
Nicholaus Otto
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perfected engine that could be used in automobiles
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Gottfried Daimler
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built 1st gas driven motor vehicle- 1903
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Charles and Frank Duryea
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produced first of famous ford cars -1906
by 1917- 5 million cars, mass production |
Henry Ford
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orginially owned bike shop> construct glider propelled by internal combustion engine
1st flight- kitty hawk, NC |
Wilbur and Orville Wright
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1920s- NY to PAris
solo flight- prospects for commerical flight |
Charles Lindbergh
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created 1st corporate lab in 1900
fearful of technological competition b/c decrease in govt funding= many different directions |
General Electric
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principles of "scientific management" argued sci. management is way to manage human labor to make compatible w/ machine age
how: reorganize production by subdividing tasks |
Taylorism
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Menlo Park, NJ
tricadescent- electric- lightbulb |
Thomas Edison
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symbol of great economic power concentrated in individual hands- railroad
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Cornelius Vanderbilt
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risked only the amount of their investments; not liable for corp. debts
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limited liability
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scottish immigrant who opened steelworks in pittburgh
cut costs and prices by striking deals with RR and buying out rivals |
Andrew Carnegie
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carnegie's associate
built up coal mines, leased iron range, operate ore ships , aquired RR sold out to Morgan for $450 million |
Henry Clay Frick
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banker
merged carnegie interest w/ others= United States Steel Corporation= 2/3 nation steel production |
J.P. Morgan
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develop chicago meat packing co. into great national corporation
earned profits by selling to military in civil war |
Gustavus Swift
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foramed a layer of command between workers and owners
began in RR |
middle managers
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combining of firms into one corporation
ex. RR companies |
horizontal integration
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taking over of all different businesses on which the comp. relied
ex. carnegie |
vertical integration
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used veritcal and horizontal integration
eliminated competition= buys out other refineries built own barrel factories, terminal warehouses, and pipelines |
Rockefeller- Standard Oil
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informal agreements among various companies to stablilze rates and divide markets= cartels
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pools
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pioneered by standard oil and perfected by morgan
stockholders in individual corp. transferred stocks to small groups of trustees in exchange for shares in the trust itself |
trust
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central corop. body that would buy up stock of various members of standrad oil trust and est. direct, formal ownership of corp trust
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holding company
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start from modest beginnings become millionaire
ex. carnegie, rockefeller, harriman |
self-made man
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1868- Vanderbilt vs. Jay Gould & jim fisk
battled for control of Erie RR bribes to NY legis. |
Erie War
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application of darwin's laws of evolution to human society
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social darwinism
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supporter of social darwinism; society benifitted from elimination of unfit
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herbert spencer
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law of supply and demand
econ. system functions by "invisible hand" of market forces= determines prices, wage, rent |
Adam Smith
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carnegie 1901
wealthy should use $$ for good of community |
Gospel of Wealth
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baptist minister, spokesman of notion that great wealth is available to all
"acres of diamonds"- stories of indiv. who found wealth |
Russell Conwell
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prmoter of the success story
wrote novels- poor boy moves to big city= rich |
Horatio Alger
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rejected applying Darwiniam laws to society
Dynamic Sociology civilization not governed by natural selection but intelligence said an active govt is society's best hope |
Lester Frank Ward
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leader of the socialist Labor Party
failed to become major political force dissident faction split to tie with org labor- American Socialist Party |
Daniel de Leon
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Progress and Poverty-
tried to explain why poverty existed blame social problems on few monopolists to grow weatlhy b/c increase in land values single tax to replace all other taxes |
Henry George
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Looking Backward
boy arrives in the year 2000 found a utpoian society w/o vice from evolutionary process trusts grew into single trust- govt controlled distributes wealth equally nationalism |
Edwards Bellamy
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indust. employers pay for passage of workers, deduct later from wages
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Labor Contract Law
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militant labor org. in anthracite coal region on PA
operate in ancient order of hibernians- sometimes use terrorist tactics |
Molly Macguires
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east RR 10 % wage cut> 1st major national labor conflict; weakend RR unions
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Great Railroad Strike 1877
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created by Urian s. Stephens
1st genuinely national labor org. open to all workers including women NOT open to lawyers, gamblers, bamkers, and liquor dealers |
Knights of Labor
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most important and enduring labor group
represents mainly skilled workers, hostile to unskilled |
American Federation Labor
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leader of AFL
goal was to secure greater share of material rewards for workers; rejected econ. reform. opposed creation of a worker's party |
Samuel Gompers
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McCormick Harvester Co. leaders protest meeting. bomb thrown @ officers> 67 killed
public demands retribution 8 anarchists become scapegoats- convicted to death |
Haymarket Square
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carngie and chief liutenant Henry Frick cut wages wages @ homestead
1892- stop negotiating with union> strike |
Homestead Strike
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these people called in by Frick to hire nonunion members during the Homestead Strike
strikers set oil on water on fire- battle detectivies national guard called in- strikebreakers protected union surrenderd |
Pinkertons
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Pullman Palace Car. Co
slashed wages by 25% wrokers go on strike Eugene Debs (leader of Amer. Railway Union) supports them fed ct issued junction forbidding the strike |
Pullman Strike- 1894
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this union interested in securing protective legislation for women workers
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Women's Trade Union League
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italians, polish, jews, slavic, chinese, french...
attempt to recreate features of old society |
ethinic neighborhoods
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try to become "true americans" and rid themselves of their old culture
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assimilation
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created by Henry Bowers 1887
group to stop immigrant tide |
American Protective Association
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created by 5 Harvard Alumni- Boston
immigrants should be screened literacy tests & other standards |
Immigration Restriction League
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designed NY's central park 1850s
create space that looks natural becomes one of most popular and admired places in the world |
Frederick Olmstead
Calvert Vaux |
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clear away older nieghborhoods> great ave. w/ gramd buildings
inspired by city rebuilding prog. in paris, london |
City Beautiful Movement
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chicago 1893
neoclassical buildings symmetirc around lagoon inspired city beautiful movement archietct= DANIEL BURNHAM |
Great White City
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boston- 1850s
marshy land filled in to create neighborhood largest oublic works project |
Back Bay
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Boston, Dorchester, others
catered to wealthy and middle class used to link city to town |
streetcars suburbs
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slum dwellings and multiple family renting a building
1st built in NYC |
tenement
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danish immigrant in NY- reporter
How the Other Half Lives- pict book about tenement life "sunless" solution= raze houses w/o replacement |
Jacob Riis
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introduced lg. windows, sheer lines, limited ornamentation to emphasize height
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Louis Sullivan
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sullivan's student
applied innovations to low buildings as well |
Frank Lloyd Wright
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physician and investigator for US Bureau of Labor
identify pollution in workplace; identified lead poisoning brought prob. to public's attention |
Alice Hamilton
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created by feg govt- 1912
prevent occup. diseases of TB and anemia, CO2 poising attempt to create health standards limited impact |
Public Health Service
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govt has authority to require employers to create safe and healthy workplace
1970 |
Occupational Health and Safety Administration
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concentrate on religious revivalism ( not relief for homeless)
tension rise between protestant philanthropists and catholic immigrants |
Salvation Army
1879 |
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wrote Sister Carrie
exposed plight of single women who moved into the city showed how many women moved to prostitution |
Theodor Dreiser
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won votes by providing w/ occasional relief
award with patronage |
boss rule
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boss of NYC Tammany Hall
most corrupt city boss; landed in jail 1872 |
William Tweed
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Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Co.
grocery stores, 5 and 10 stores, dry goods store what: sell manufact. goods @ lower prices than locals |
chain stores
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chicago salesman- 1872
distributed catalog of consumer goods to mid-west and beyond |
Montgomery Ward
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richard sears- chicago 1887
create large market for his mail order merchandise through catalog |
Sears Roebuck
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created one of America's 1st dept. stores
brought wide array of products under 1 roof. made shopping have atmosphere of excitement |
Marshall Field
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by Florence Kelly - `1890ss
moblize women's power as consumers to force retailers and manufacturers to improve wages and conditions |
National Consumers' League
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one of the 1st intellectuals to articulate new view of leisure
Theory of Prosperity New Basis of Civilization fear of scarcity has caused thrift, scarcity had been overcome= goal of econ> abundance of goods & pursuit of pleasure |
Simon PAtten
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NY
amusement park w/ rides, shows, crowds of working class |
Coney Island
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richard sears- chicago 1887
create large market for his mail order merchandise through catalog |
Sears Roebuck
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created one of America's 1st dept. stores
brought wide array of products under 1 roof. made shopping have atmosphere of excitement |
Marshall Field
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by Florence Kelly - `1890ss
moblize women's power as consumers to force retailers and manufacturers to improve wages and conditions |
National Consumers' League
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one of the 1st intellectuals to articulate new view of leisure
Theory of Prosperity New Basis of Civilization fear of scarcity has caused thrift, scarcity had been overcome= goal of econ> abundance of goods & pursuit of pleasure |
Simon PAtten
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NY
amusement park w/ rides, shows, crowds of working class |
Coney Island
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member of NYC baseball club- 1840s
defined many of rules and features of baseball |
Alexander Cartwright
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1st salaried b-ball team- 1869
cities made proffesional team= National League 1876 american league- 1901 |
Cinccinnatti Red Stockings
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pres. roosevelt @ conf of organized sports
revised rules of football to make it safer and more honest |
National College Athletic Association
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veteran of yiddish theater
wrote 1,000s of songs for musical theater "God Bless America" |
Irvin Berlin
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form of theater adopted from french models
most popular entertainment in 1st decades of 20th open to black performers |
vaudeville
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silent epics- Birth of a Nation
serious plots and elaborate productions racist messages. reach all areas of populations |
D.W. Griffith
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working class men
ethnically specific. political centers |
saloon
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temperance organzation-attacked salloon
help eliminate/weaken political machines and b/c saloons were places of crime and prostitution |
anti-saloon league
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cheap tales of wild west, detective stories, sci adventures "moral uplift"
popular after civil war |
dime novels
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music originatin from black music halls in south
exteneded into home - 1890s- w/ music of Scott Jopin and others |
ragtime
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most powerful newspaper chain- controlled 9 newspapers and 2 mags
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William Randolp Hearst
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hearts rival
popularize" yellow journalism"- deliberatly sensational |
Joeseph Pulitzer
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Edward W. Bok - 1899
built circulation to 700,000 by targeting mass female audience |
Ladies Home Journal
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ideas and activities of intellectuals and elites
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high culture
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effort to recreate urban social reality
Stephen Crane- Red Badge of Courage> plight of working class "Maggie- a girl of the streets"- urban poverty and slum life |
Social realism
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wrote the Jungle
exposed abuses of american meatpacking industry produced legal action to deal with problem |
Upton Sinclair
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american paintings of new england maritime life
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Winslow Homer
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produced artworks startlin in naturalism & protrayal of social realities
1st american to apperecitate abstraction |
Ashcan School
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took place in NYC- displayed works of French post- impressionists & some american moderns
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Armory Show
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william james was a publicist of this theory
modern society should rely on guidance on test of scientific inquiry |
pragmatism
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richard henry pratt PA 1879
emphasize "industrial" schooling of BT washington > assimilate idians into society |
Carlisle Indian School
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schools established under morrill land grant
69 schools after 1865 |
Land Grant Institutions
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