Ap Us- Ch. 14 & 15

Front 1

union chief of staff - march 1864
shared lincoln's view of making enemy armies and resources target instead of territory

Back 1

Ulysses Grant

Front 2

investigative committee of 2 houses of Congress
dec 1861
chaired by Senator Benjamin Wade
complained of insufficient ruthless N. Generals
intervened w/ conduct of the war

Back 2

Committee on the Conduct of WAr

Front 3

confederate president
trained soldiers but failed to create effective command system

Back 3

Jefferson Davis

Front 4

confederate principal military advisor
ended up commanding in Richmond while Davis strategized alone
named general in chief - feb 1865

Back 4

Robert E. Lee

Front 5

successful officer in civil war
saw beyond acad. training and used new warfare of destroying resources

Back 5

William Tecumseh sherman

Front 6

battleships with ironsides
monitor -union
merrimac- confed,

Back 6

ironclads

Front 7

confed. sec of state
clever and intelligent; lacked strong convictions and did mainly routine admin. tasks

Back 7

Judah Benjamin

Front 8

union sec of state
had assist. from Charles Adams- minister to London
prmoted union support in London

Back 8

William Seward

Front 9

southern leaders promote this
access to S. cotton vital to eng and french textile
hoped this would combat eng. antislavery forces
failed b/c english had surplus of raw and finished goods

Back 9

king cotton diplomacy

Front 10

2 confed. diplomats- Mason and Slidell
slipped through blockade to Cuba> board Trent> union ship stopped w/o authorization
union neg. and release dip. to avoid upsetting breits

Back 10

Trent Affair

Front 11

ohio native; capt of confed. army
org. guerilla fighters>> terrorize Kansas- missouri border
killed 150 civilians in lawrence KS killed by union troops

Back 11

William Quantrill

Front 12

developed the repeating pistol 1835

Back 12

Samuel Cott

Front 13

developed the repeating pistol- 1860

Back 13

Oliver Winchester

Front 14

developed the revolving machine gun 1862

Back 14

Richard Gatling

Front 15

commander of union ironclads and wooden vessels
captured city of New Orleans
april 25, 1862
pushed through confed. forts @ mouth of mississippi river
1st major union victory= turning pt

Back 15

David Farragut

Front 16

commander of the ARMY of POTOMAC
most controversial gen. of war- union
relcutcant to commit troops to battles
peninsular campaign- complex stratefy to attck Richmond by water
defeated by stonewall jackson's troops @ washington

Back 16

George McClellan

Front 17

union sympathisizers- org bands
moved across missouri exacting reprisals for Quantrill's actions

Back 17

jayhawkers

Front 18

1862
permitted any citizen to claim 160 acres of oublic land after living on it for 5 years

Back 18

Homestead Act

Front 19

transferred public acreage to state govts to sell to finance public educ.
many new satte colleges "Land grant institutions"

Back 19

Morrill Land Grant Act
1862

Front 20

built RR westward from Omaha

Back 20

Union Pacific RR

Front 21

buit transcontinental RR east from CA

Back 21

central pacific RR

Front 22

created new national banking system
banks could join if they had enough capital and invest 1/3 in govt securities
eliminates chaos> create unifrom sys. of bank notes

Back 22

National Bank Acts of 1863-1864

Front 23

paper currency
backed NOT by gold and silver but by CREDIT of govt.

Back 23

greenbacks

Front 24

peace democrats- opposed war
feared agric. and NW were losing influence to east and Rep. nationalism was eroding states' rights

Back 24

copperheads

Front 25

most prominent copperhead; member of congress (OH)
exiled to CSA after making speech that goal of war was to free blacks and enslave whites

Back 25

Clement Vallandigham

Front 26

supreme ct. Justice Taney tells Lincoln to release MD secessionist leader> Lincoln ignores

Back 26

Ex parte Merryman

Front 27

supreme ct. ruled military trials in areas where civil courts existed were unconstitutional

Back 27

ex parte milligan

Front 28

coalition of group that supported war (rep & war dem)
nominate lincoln for 1864 election against McClellan
lincoln wins

Back 28

union party

Front 29

war democrat- union party VP

Back 29

Andrew Johnson

Front 30

radical reps in congress
want to use war to abolish slavery immediately
** 3 people**

Back 30

Thaddeus Stevens-PA
Sumner - Mass.
Wade- OH

Front 31

all slaves used for insurrectionary considered free
subsequent laws abolish slavery in DCand in west territories- compensate owners
slaves free of ppl aiding insurrection; pres. can employ af. amer.

Back 31

confiscation acts

Front 32

lincoln issued this jan 1 1863
declared slaves free in CSA except those in TE, WV, and s. LA b/c border states not subject to pres's war powers
little immediate effect but clearly est. war as also being fought to abolish slavery

Back 32

Emancipation Proclamation

Front 33

amendment that abolished slavery

Back 33

13th amendment

Front 34

black soldiers- commanded by Robert Shaw(white)

Back 34

54th Massachusettes infantry

Front 35

led by Dorthea Dix- civilian volunteers- women nurses
mobilized nurses to field hospitals
>> women become dominate force in nursing
>> attribute nursing to domestic ideals to overcome male opposition
>>spread ideas about sanitation

Back 35

US Sanitary Commission

Front 36

collected and distributed medical supplies in war and founded American Red Cross- 1888

Back 36

Clara Barton

Front 37

CSA
all white males 18-35 required military service for 3 years
could get out of it if provided a substitute- repealed 1863

Back 37

Conscription Act

Front 38

Ga- CSA vice president
6 year term. initally against secession

Back 38

Alexander Stevens

Front 39

southeners romaniticized the __ ___; look back nostalgically @ pre war south
Lee Jackson and Davis treated as heroes

Back 39

Lost Cause

Front 40

created by congress march 1865
directed by General Oliver Howard
agency of army rhat distributes food to millions of former slaves; est schools; tried to settle blacks on own lands
not a perm. soln.
too small to deal effectively w/ problems

Back 40

Freedman's Bureau

Front 41

insisted south accept abolition of slavery; but few other conditions

Back 41

Conservative Republicans

Front 42

led by Thaddeus Stevens & Sumner
punish civl and military leaders of confed.
s. whites be disenfranchised, legal rights of blacks be protected, wealthy w. southerners' prop. be confisctaed

Back 42

Radical Republican

Front 43

rejected punitive goals of radicals, but support extracting some concessions from s. on black rights

Back 43

moderate republicans

Front 44

by lincoln- 1863
general amnesty to white southerners except high officials. who pledge loyalty to govt and accept NO slavery
10% of voters in 1860 took oath in any state= could form state govt

Back 44

Lincoln's 10% Plan

Front 45

by rad. republicans- 1864
authorized president to appt. provisional gov for each conquered state> when majority pledged allegiance to union and IRONCLAD OATH- that they never drew arms against union= const. convention- abolish slavery, repudiate debts

lincoln pocket vetoed

Back 45

Wade- Davis Bill

Front 46

assasinated lincoln at ford's theater
april 14,1865

Back 46

John Wilkes Booth

Front 47

lincoln's successor
hostile to freed slaves
democrat until he became lincoln's VP

Back 47

Andrew Johnson

Front 48

johnson- summer 1865
amnesty to southerners who pledged allegiance
high ranking s. must apply to johnson for indiv. pardons
appt. provisional gov. to gain readmission state had = revoke secession, abolish slvery, ratify 13th, repudiate confed & state debts

Back 48

Restoration

Front 49

johnson's plan
only cont. till congress reconvened in dec 1865

Back 49

presidential reconstruction

Front 50

refused to seat reps of new state
create Joint Committee on Reconstruction to form reconstruction policy of its own

Back 50

Congressional/ Radical Reconstruction

Front 51

southern leg form laws to give white control over former slaves

Back 51

black codes

Front 52

declared blacks to be citizens of the US
fed govt had the power to intervene in state affairs to protect citizen rights
johnson vetoed but congress overode him

Back 52

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Front 53

this amendment provided the 1st defintion for a citizen:
everyone born or naturalized in US

Back 53

14th amendment

Front 54

combine 10 southern states into 5 military disticts
military commander registers all black males and all white males who werent involved in rebellion to vote
make state const w/ provisions of black suffrage
elect state govrs - had to be approved by congress

Back 54

3 reconstruction bills

Front 55

this amendment forbade states and fed govt to deny suffrage to any citizen based on race, colr, or prev. condition of servitude

Back 55

15th amendment

Front 56

forbade pres to remove civil officials w/o senate's consent
to protect sec of war Stanton

Back 56

Tenure of Office Act

Front 57

prohibit pres to issue military orders except through commanding gen of army

Back 57

Command of Army Act

Front 58

southern white repub.
former whigs once wealthy planters intersted in econ. development; farmers w/ little contact w/ slavery want to end econ. isolation

think rep. will serve econ intersts better than dems

Back 58

scalawag

Front 59

recently freed blacks
most numerous s. repub; little political experience> create places to learn
"colored conventions" chart future course

Back 59

freedmen

Front 60

southerners claimed blacks dominated politics during reconstruction= FALSE
no black ever gov. of s. states; didnt control state legis.

Back 60

"Negro Rule"

Front 61

anitslavery white
persuaded 1000s of freedmen to deposit in bank> invest unsucessfully> failiure

Back 61

Freedmen's Bank- 1865

Front 62

tenants of white landowners= work plots of land ; either pay rent or share of crop

Back 62

sharecropping

Front 63

farmers give merchants a claim on crops as collateral for loans
>>> farmers get caught in a cycle of debt

Back 63

crop-lien system

Front 64

grant's sec of state
only member of cabinet well equipped for job
rely on party leaders and spoils system

Back 64

Hamilton Fish

Front 65

oppose Grantism
> nominate Hoorace Greely- 1872
dems nomaine greely too
grant wins

Back 65

Liberal Republicans

Front 66

french owend consturction company that helped build union pacific RR
heads steered lg. fradulent contratcs to co= fed govt looses millions of $$

Back 66

Credit- Mobilier

Front 67

ben bristow (treasury sec) found officials and distillers cheating govt of taxes w/ false reports

Back 67

whiskey ring

Front 68

william belknap- sec of war
accepted bribes to retain indian post trader in office

Back 68

Indian Ring

Front 69

failure of jaycooke and co (bank firm) invested to heavily in RR
>>worst depression yet- lasted 4 years
debtors want to redeem war bonds w/ greenbacks= repub. want" sound" currency

Back 69

Panic of 1873

Front 70

greenbacks replaced with certificates pegged to price of gold

Back 70

specie resumption act
1879

Front 71

greenbackers- inflationists
acitve in 3 elections, no widespread support

Back 71

national greenback party

Front 72

seward-sec of state
buys alaska for $7.2 million from Russia & annexation of HI
criticized

Back 72

Seward's Folly

Front 73

fish forged a treaty of washington= int. arbitration where Brit expressed regret for escape of AL
settled dispiutes over neutrality of eng by providing AL ship to confed.

Back 73

Alabama Claims

Front 74

democrats who took back govt in south
in all except SC LA FL

Back 74

redeemers

Front 75

secret society that used terrorism to frighten blacks from voting or using citizenships
led by General Nathan Bedfort
"midnight rides"- men clad in white masks w/ horses

Back 75

Ku Klux Klan
1866

Front 76

prohibit state from discriminating against voters on basis of race
1st time fed govt claims to prosecute crimes by indiv. under fed law
president can use military force

Back 76

Enforcement (KKK) Acts

Front 77

theory that indiv. who failed did so b/c of own weaknesses
view unemployed northerners as misfits same for poor blacks

Back 77

Social Darwinism

Front 78

dispute over elections of Hayes & Tilden
rep. agree to appt 1 southerner to caniet, cocntrol dem. federal patronage in area, internal improvements, federal aid for TX and pacific RR withdrawl of fed troops.

Back 78

Compromise of 1877

Front 79

later renewal of drive for freedom and equality to all americans based on 14th and 15th amend

Back 79

Second Reconstruction

Front 80

white powerful conservative oligarchy
(merchants, industrialists, RR developers, finianciers)
want decrease in taxes and spending and state services

Back 80

Bourbon Rule

Front 81

group against bourbons cut in services and paying prewar debts in full with interests
demand revisement of debt payment

Back 81

readjusters

Front 82

Henry Grady
didnt challenge whtie supremacy
promoted virtues of thrift industry and progress
still romanticized "lost cause"
helped s. industry expand- textiels

Back 82

New South

Front 83

led American Tobacco CO.
held mononpoly over processing raw tobacoo into marketable materials

Back 83

James Duke

Front 84

southern states leased gangs of criminals to private interests as cheap labor
>convicts do brutak and deadly work.. not paid

Back 84

"convict- lease" system

Front 85

required farmers to fence in animals
decreased self-sufficient farming

Back 85

fence laws

Front 86

black woman- 1903
1st black female bank president- founded St. Luke Penny Saving Bank

Back 86

Maggie Lena

Front 87

founder and pres. of Tuskegee Institute- AL
urged blacks to pursue educ. to improve themselves- indust. educ

Back 87

Booker T. Washington

Front 88

by BT Washington
1895
blacks should try for econ gains to gain rights and priv. of citizenship

Back 88

Atlanta Compromise

Front 89

supreme ct- 1896
seperate but equal

Back 89

plessy v. ferguson

Front 90

laws for segregated school valid even if not equal

Back 90

Cumming v. County Board of Education

Front 91

pay tax to vote

Back 91

poll tax

Front 92

voters must demonstrate ability to read and interpret constitution

Back 92

literacy test

Front 93

men allowed to vote if ancestors voted before recocnstruction
barred slaves and allowed poor whites

Back 93

grandfather clause

Front 94

sup. ct case that validated literacy test

Back 94

williams v. mississippi

Front 95

instutionalized system of segregation reaching into all areas of s. life
stripped blacks of any social, econ, or political gains

Back 95

Jim Crow Laws

Front 96

popular entertainment . used to romnticize antebellum south
white performers paint faces black

Back 96

ministrel shows

Front 97

blacks accused of crimes by white mob

Back 97

lynchings

Front 98

black journalist
anti-lyniching movement through articles
gathered strength. some white support. hope to get anyti- lynching law

Back 98

Ida B. Wells- 1892

Front 99

ruled that states cant discriminate but private organizations can

Back 99

civil rights cases 1883