Ap Us 2

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Ulysses S. Grant

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Civil War hero and the 18th president of the United States. He was nominated as a republican candidate in 1868. His opposition from the Democratic Party was Horatio Seymour, former governor of New York. He gained many votes from being a war hero, a common phrase was, "Vote as you shot!" He won with 214 electoral votes to 80. Interestingly Mississippi, Texas and Virginia were not allowed to vote in this election, and it is believed that 500,000 African American voters helped Grant achieve his victory. His administration was marked by heavy amounts of corruption. Many of his relatives became members of the public payroll. His presidency was marred by the Credit Mobilier scandal. When his secretary was found guilty in involvement with the whiskey scandal, he helped exonerate him. Grant won a second term against Horace Greeley. An economic depression hit in 1873, in which many farmers and debtors pushed for more greenbacks. Creditors were the opposite and did not want paper money. They carried the day and convinced Grant to veto a bill that would have produced more paper money. When silver prices deflated in 1873 Grant refused to issue more coins. This caused the treasury to accumulate more gold. Combined with the reduction of Greenbacks, Grant caused deflation which hurt the already suffering economy. This "contraction" as it was called caused the green backs to gain back their full face value. These economic policies contributed to a democratic House in 1874, and the creation of the Greenback Labor party.

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Horatio Seymour

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Governor of New York from governor of New York from 1853 to 1854 and from 1863 to 1864 and was the Democratic Party's presidential nominee in the election of 1868. He ran against the republican candidate, Ulysses S. Grant and lost. He received 80 electoral votes and 47.3% of the popular vote. He carried 8 of 34 states in the election. His campaign focused on concepts of conservatism, limited government, and ran in opposition to the republican reconstruction policies. In 1876, the Democratic Convention offered him the nomination him for governor of New York, but he turned it down.

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Jim Fisk

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Wealthy businessman who started off his career as a poor boy working low income jobs like circuses. He became wealthy by selling supplies across enemy lines during the civil war including cotton to the North and other needed comodities. Along with this he also sold war bonds to Europeans. He almost lost it all with a failed dry goods venture but began a brokerage firm with a partner that saved him. Along with this thriving firm he also got into the railroad and gold booms of the day. Fisk was nto afraid to bribe those around him for whatever it was he may need and was a ruthless business man. He was killled in New York by a competitor.

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Jay Gould

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Thomas Nast

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Horace Greeley

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He was the leader of the anti-Grant party known as the Liberal Republicans. This party gained support in 1872 with growing resentment of "Grantism." He was also supported by the Democratic party, mostly because he was against the Republicans. Throughout his presidential campaign against Grant in the 1873 election, he was said to be an "athiest, communist, free-lover, vegetarian, and [oh no!!!] a brown-bread eater. He ended up losing the election to Grant after all.

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Jay Cooke

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He was a United States banker, known as the "Financier of the Civil War,". He raised over several millions to help the government. He was a Whig member of Congress from Ohio in 1831-1833 and member of the Ohio General Assembly.

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Roscoe Conkling

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A U.S. senator from New York, who led a "Stalwart" faction out of the boisterous fighting of the Republican party in the 1870's and 1880's. He embraced the system of swapping civil-service jobs for votes, and was the political leader of the conklingites. Conkling often denounced the civil-service reformers in the New York World.

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James G. Blaine

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U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time United States Secretary of State, and champion of the Half-Breeds. He was a dominant Republican leader of the post-Civil War period, obtaining the 1884 Republican nomination, but losing to Democrat. In 1859, Blaine became chairman of the Republican state party organization, a position he would hold for more than 20 years. He served three terms in the Maine legislature and in 1863, was elected to Congress.In 1876, Blaine was elected to the U.S. Senate where he was a firm supporter of hard money programs and protective tariffs.Blaine was rewarded for his support of James A. Garfield in 1880, by being named secretary of state; he resigned shortly after President Garfield's assassination. In 1884, Blaine received the Republican nomination on the first ballot, but disaffected liberals – the so-called Mugwumps – objected to the candidate's questionable dealings and threw their support to the Democrat Grover Cleveland.Blaine refused to seek the nomination in 1888, threw his support to Benjamin Harrison and later received an appointment as secretary of state. Blaine carried out his duties with relish and made contributions to Pan-Americanism and to U.S. expansionism.

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Rutherford B. Hayes

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an American Politician, lawyer, military leader and the 19th President (1877–1881). Hayes was elected President by one electoral vote after the election of 1876. Losing the popular vote to his opponent, Samuel Tilden, Hayes was the only president whose election was decided by a congressional congressmen. Hayes vetoed bills repealing civil rights enforcement four times before finally signing one that satisfied his requirement for black rights. However, his subsequent attempts to reconcile with his Southern Democrat opposition by handing them prestigious civil service appointments both alienated fellow Republicans and undermined his own previous attempts at civil service reform.

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Samuel Tilden

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New York attorney who headed the prosecution against Tweed. This prosecution helped him to gain fame for his eventual presidential nomination. In the 1876 election Tilden was the Democratic nominee, who gained 184 electoral votes of the needed 185. Although after the Electoral Count Act, an act that set up an electoral commission of fifteen men, the vote ended up being 8 to 7 in which Samuel Tilden lost the election.

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James A. Garfield

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He was the twentieth president of the United states, elected in 1880, and was assassinated four months after his election. Before he was president, he was a general in the US army and was a member in the house of representatives. He was a republican.

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Chester A. Arthur

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Born in Fairfield, Vermont in 1829. Served as Quartermaster General of the State of New York. In 1871 President Grant appointed him Collector of the Port of New York. Held a short term as vice president and was then elected the 21st president in 1881 and remained in office until 1885. He tried to independently lower tariffs and passed the Tariff Act of 1883 which became a major political issue between parties. he died in 1886 of a fatal kidney disease.

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Winfield S. Hancock

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A respected commander during the Civil War, he ran against James A. Garfield in the 1880 presidential election.as the democratic canidate. Eventually lost to Garfield in the electoral college with the votes 214 to 155.

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Charles J. Guiteau

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Mentally unstable man who shot the newly elected President James A. Garfield in the back at a train station in Washington. President Garfield died from an infection caused by the bullet eleven weeks later on Seprember 19, 1881. Found guilty of murder and hanged.

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Grover Cleveland

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The Democratic candidate who won the presidental Election in 1884. He ran in the Election of 1888 and even though he won the popular vote it wasn't enough and Republican Benjamin Harrison won the presidency. Then in the Election of 1892 he became president again, this made him the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms in the White House and the only one to be reelected after enduring a defeat. He won the Popular vote three times during his campaigning; in 1884,1888, and 1892.

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Benjamin Harrison

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The 23rd president of the United States. He was republican. He signed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act which protected trade and commerce from unlawful restraints and monopolies. He also removed the tariff from imported raw sugar. he submitted a treaty to annex Hawaii but it was later withdrawn by President Cleveland.

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Thomas Reed

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A Republican and Speaker of the House, he was a master debater from the state of Maine.Reed intimidated the House and dominated in the "Billion-Dollar" congress, which was the first to appropriate that sum of money.

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William McKinley

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Elected as a Republican to the United States House of Representatives and his first term was from 1877 to 1882, and second term from 1885 to 1891. - In 1890 the McKinley Tariff was enforced and it raised rates to the highest in history, devastating his party in the off-year Democratic landslide of 1890. -After leaving Congress, McKinley became the governor of Ohio in 1891 >-With McKinley’s inauguration came economic prosperity. In 1897 there was a revival of business and agriculture. This showed the confidence that capitalists felt in the new Administration. -On June 16, 1897, the Republic of Hawai'i was annexed to the United States. The Government of Hawai'i readily agreed to this, but the necessary 2/3 vote in the U.S. Senate was not so ready to take Hawai’i. So, Hawai'i was annexed by joint resolution, which required only a simple majority of both houses of Congress. With the newly acquired state, there was a newly acquired debt of $4,000,000 from Hawai’i .

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James B. Weaver

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United States politician. He was in the house of Representatives and represented Iowa as a member of the Greenback Party. He ran for President twice on third party tickets in the late 19th century. He is most famous as the presidential nominee of the Populist party in the 1892 election. He opposed the gold standard an national banks.

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Tom Watson

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Adlai E. Stevenson

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An eloquent and idealistic governor of illinois-nominated by the democrats to run for office in the eletion of 1952; Ran against Nixon and Eisenhower-losing BADLY to them.

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William Jennings Bryan

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A Democratic Party nominee in the 1896 and 1900 election who embraced populist ideas and promoted peace but was never elected.

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J. P. Morgan

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Behind the creation of General Electric and the United States Steel Corporation, as well as one of the biggest banks of its time, J.P. Morgan & Company. He is also credited with saving the U.S. economy and federal government on two seperate occasions. The first was during the Panic of 1893, when Morgan created a Wall Street syndicate to supply an ailing Federal Treasury with $65 million in gold, thus saving the Treasury. In the Panic of 1907, a steep dive in the stock markets led to the failure of many state and local banks, and would have worsened if Morgan had not intervened with his own money aimed to shore up the banking system.

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soft/cheap money

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This means that there was much money in circulation. In result, the value of that money in purchasing terms lessened. This meant that opposition to the national bank was controlled by eastern business interests.

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hard/sound money

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This seemed to be a solution to the economic crisis that broke out it 1873. Advocates of this had the plan to take all of the paper money out of circulation and redeem it with gold. This would cause deflation instead of inflation and therefore boost the economic stsus of the country.

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contraction

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The term given to Grant's economic policies, in which the treasury accumulated gold, and the Green Back was slowly removed from circulation. It had a deflationary effect and worsened the depression.

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resumption

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Refers to the return to the use of money in the form on metal or coins as opposed to paper currency. This was the principle of the "Hard Money" advocates. Returning to metal currency caused inflation, which benefited the Hard Money advocated. The Resumption Act of 1875 withdrew greenbacks from circulation and caused the redemption of paper money in gold.

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Gilded Age

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The gilded age was a period in American History where the economy boomed and the wealthy population's pocket book followed suit. Mansionswere being built across America by entrepreneurs and wealthy people and the railroad and steel industry exploded. Infrastructure as well as buildings across the nation was vastly improved and America began to flourish economically.

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spoils system

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crop-lien system

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pork-barrel bills

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Solution to the problem of the ridiculously large surplus created by tariffs that were disproportionately high after the civil war. This solution meant Congress would squander the surplus on pensions and weird bills to keep the favor of veterans and other self-centered groups. The solution that Grover Cleveland actually opted for was to simply lower the tariff, which nobody wanted to do.

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populism

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The political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite. It supports "the people" versus "the elites." It may involve either a philosophy urging social and political system changes and/or a rhetorical style deployed by members of political or social movements competing for advantage within the existing party system.

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grandfather clause

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When the Populist party gained political strength, whites began to feel very threatened. This led to the near-total extinction of what little African American suffrage remained in the South. White southerners more aggressively than ever used literacy tests and poll taxes to deny blacks the ballot. This exempted from those requirements anyone whose forebear had voted in 1860-when, of course, black slaves had not voted at all.

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“Ohio Idea”

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Idea by poor Midwesterners during the US presidential election of 1868 to redeem federal war bonds in United States dollars, also known as greenbacks, rather than gold. Agrarian Democrats hoped to keep more money in circulation to keep interest rates lower. In summary, wealthy eastern delegates demanded a plank promising that federal war bonds be redeemed in gold-even though many of the bonds had been purchased with badly depreciated paper greenbacks. Poorer Midwestern delegates answered with the "Ohio Idea," which called for redemption in greenbacks. Debt-burdened agrarian Democrats thus hoped to keep more money in circulation and keep interest rates lower.

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the “bloody shirt”

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The phrase originated with post-bellum politicians using sectionalist animosities of the American Civil War to gain election in the postbellum North from the 1860s to 1880s. The phrase implied that members of the Democratic Party (which garnered much of their support from the "Solid South") were responsible for the bloodshed of the war and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Some candidates of the Republican Party as well a few candidates of other parties rivaling the Democratic Party used this notion to get elected to office, under the idea Democrats and Southerners are one and the same, and men should "vote as they had shot".

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Tweed Ring

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Burly "Boss" Tweed employed bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to get as much as 200 million dollars out of New York City during the Gilded Age, in which was called the Tweed Ring. After a while the New York Times gained evidence of his wrongdoings in 1871 and published it. Samuel J. Tilden, New York attorney, headed the prosecution sending Tweed to jail. He never was bailed out and he eventually died behind bars.

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Crédit Mobilier

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a ephemeral construction company, connected with the building of the Union Pacific Railroad and involved in one of the major financial scandals in American history. The scandal was when Oakes Ames acted for both the Union Pacific and for the newly created construction company, he and his helpers ultimately made contracts with themselves. Oakes Ames, as head of the Crédit Mobilier, in 1867 assigned contracts to seven trustees to build the remaining 667 mi (1,074 km) of road for a total sum that brought profits variously estimated at from $7 million to $23 million. This process depleted generous congressional grants to the Union Pacific and left it under a heavy debt by the time of its completion in 1869.

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Whiskey Ring

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They were a group of distillers who created a scandal in 1872 during the Grant presidency. the disterlers bribed federal officials and tax collectors in order to avoid paying millions of dollars in taxes for their products. Among the 238 men indicted in this scandal was Grant's private secretary, another general who had served with Grant in the Civil War. This was one of many scandals during Grant's second term. These scandals helped distract form post war conditions in the south.

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Liberal Republicans

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This organization of people was founded after the scandals of Grantisim had been exposed. This group forced the regular republican party to clean up there house, or it would be taken over. They brought about positive reform in the previously corrupt republican party. They held the Republican Congress in 1872 where a general amnesty act was passed removing political disabilities from confederate leaders.

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“Crime of '73”

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When the reasury issued that an ounce of silver was worth only as much as 1/16 of as much as an ounce of Gold was worth, even though open-market prices for silver were higher. Silver miners then refused to offer any more silver for sale to federal mints, and in 1873 the coinage of silver dollars was officially dropped by Congress. Soon after, in the late 1870's, new silver was discovered which shot up production and forced the prices of silver to go down. Debtors and Westerners in silver-mining states demanded the coinage of silver, but it had no affect on President Grant's policies, for now.

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Bland-Allison Act

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The law passed in 1878, despite President Hayes's attempt to veto it. It stated that the U.S. Treasury needed to take some silver and convert it to silver dollars in order to stabalize the economy by stabilizing the silver industry and inflate the prices. The law lasted until 1890 when it was replaced by the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.

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Greenback Labor party

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Support came from farmers who were suffering from declining farm prices. The party's presidential candidate was Peter Coooper. He was easily beaten by Rutherford Hayes and Samuel Tilden. The party did send 15 representatives to congress. Members of the party joined with urban trade union groups to establish the Greenback Labor Party. James Weaver, the leader of the Party argued the two main party's lost sight of their original Democratic ideals. In the mext election Weaver lost to James Garfield and Winfield S Hancock.

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Grand Army of the Republic (GAR)

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A politically potent fraternal organization of several hundred thousand Union veterans of the Civil War. The GAR routinely lobbied hundreds of private pension bills through a compliant congress. These bills were granted often time to those who were deserters, bouty jumpers, men who never served, and to in-eligble disabeled. This orginization also provided for many of the Republican voters.

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Stalwart

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Republican faction that was led by Roscoe Conkling. Conkling was a Senator from New York. Stalwarts advocated the idea of trading civil service jobs for votes. He did not get very far with this idea. In fact he only succeeded in creating a stalemate with the opposing party, the Half-Breeds.

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Half-Breed

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A political faction of the United States Republican Party. They were led by a man named senator James G. Blaine from Maine. They existed in the late 19th century as a moderate-wing group. Thier opposing party were the Stalwarts, the other main faction of the Republican Party. They were in favor of civil service reform and a merit system.

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Compromise of 1877

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Pendleton Act

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Passed in 1883 this legislation marked the end of the Jacksonian "spoil systems" that pervaded throughout most of the nineteenth century. The act replaced the old system with one based on "merit" for the advancement of employees or reception of a higher government job (only in the federal government though-not state or local occupations), as a way, surely, to limit executive corruption.

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Mugwumps

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Republican political activists who switched parties in the election of 1884 because they did not support James G. Blaine. Their support in the election helped Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland win.

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“Redeemers”

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A southern political coalition during the Reconstruction era who sought to reestablish white suppremecy and opposed the Republican government. In particular, the Redeemers took aim at freedmen, carpetbaggers (northern whites who moved to the south during Reconstruction), and scalawags (southern white supporters of the Republican party).

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Plessy v. Ferguson

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The case involved Plessy arguing that he was denied rights on the East Louisiana Railroad that he was given in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. Ferguson, who was the judge, argued against Plessy saying that Louisiana had the right to regulate railroads as long as they were within state boundaries. This validated the South's segregationist social order in this case. The ruling said that "seperate but equal" facilities were considered constitutional under that "equal protection" clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The idea that racial segregation even in public accommodations such as railroads was upheld by the Constitution.

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Jim Crow

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This name is associated with the laws established in the 1890s against the southern blacks, or black codes. After the reconstruction was completed, southern whites still had very harsh feelings towards the former slaves. These racist laws made life for the soutern blacks scarcely better than slavery. In 1896 in the Plessy v. Ferguson case, it was declared that these laws that made public facilities "seperate but equal" were constitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment. These laws were not repealed until the mid twentieth century.

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Chinese Exclusion Act

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The act, passed in 1882 by Congress, prohibited all further immigration from China.

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U.S. vs. Wong Kim

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United States vs Wong Kim Ark was a supreme court decision regarding citizenship. Wong Kim Ark was the son of Chinese immigrants. In He made a temporary visit to China and upon his return in August 1985 was detained in the San Francisco Port and denied entry into the United States. The Collector of Customs said that despite being born in the United States, Wong Kim Ark was not a legal United States citizen. In a 6-2 decision, the court ruled that according the fourteenth amendment, any person born in the United States could not be denied citizenship.

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“Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion”

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This quote was said by Samuel Burchard at a Republican convention and was intended to be part of the mud slinging in the 1884 campaign. The full quote goes along the lines "We are Republicans, and don't propose to leave our party and identify ourselves with the party whose antecedents have been rum, Romanism, and rebellion. We are loyal to our flag.". This was obviously meant to undercut the Democrats by making them seem as if they were imoral poepl with an inapropriate stance on temperance, catholics, and the civil war.

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Billion-Dollar Congress

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People's Party (Populists)

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Sherman Silver Purchase Act

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It was an Act passed in 1890 that required the US government to purchase an increased amount of silver every year. The more significant part was that it was repealed in 1893 because the gold reserve in the US Treasury was dangerously low and they needed a solution to the dwindling in the amount of gold they had. Unfortunately it didn’t help very much.

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McKinley Tariff

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A bill that supports a high tax on imports to raise money for the government. The tariff was damaging to the American farmers. It drove up the prices of farm equipment and failed to halt sliding agricultural prices. The agrarian resentment would give rise to the Free Silver movement and the Populist Party. The tariff was a direct contributing factor to the Panic of 1893.

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Leland Stanford

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Was one of four major financial backers in the construction of the Central Pacific Railroad, which pushed eastward from Sacramento through the towering, snow-clogged Sierra Nevada. He was the ex-governor of California, and had useful political connections. He and the other Big Four operated through two construction companies and walked away with tens of millions in profits, keeping their hands relatively clean by not becoming involved in the bribery of congressmen.

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Collis P. Huntington

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One of the Big Four of western railroading who built the Central Pacific Railroad as part of the first U.S. transcontinental railroad. Helped lead and develop other major interstate lines such as the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (completed in 1873, fulfilled a long-held dream of Virginians of a rail link from the James River at Richmond to the Ohio River Valley.) He also is credited with the development of Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, as well as the incorporation of Newport News, Virginia as a new independent city.

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James J. Hill

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a noted Canadian American Railroad executive. He was the cheif executive officer in the Northern Railway, and headed a number of railways in the Upper Midwest, the Great Plains, and Pacific Northwest regions. During his career, he became known as the Empire Builder.

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Cornelius Vanderbilt

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He made millions of dollars in steam boating and then later turned to railroading. Although he was ill educated he was clear minded and offered a superior railway service at lower rates. He amassed a fortune of 100 million dollars and was mainly remembered for his contribution to of 1 million to the Vanderbilt University in Tennessee.

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Jay Gould

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An American financier who became a leading American railroad developer and speculator.

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Alexander Graham Bell

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an eminent scientist, inventor and innovator who is widely credited with inventing the first practical telephone. He developed an interest in inventing and eventually acoustics at a very young age. He began working with the deaf. He made a rough prototype for the telephone. After numerous irregularities, patent 174,465, including the claim on transmitting vocal sounds, was issued to Bell on 7 March 1876 by the U.S. Patent Office. He also invented the metal detector, hydrofoils, and made great advancements in aeronautics and eugenics. He died of pernicious anemia on 2 August 1922, at his private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, at age 75.

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Thomas Edison

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An inventor and business man. Created many innovative devices, which greatly influenced the world the most significant being, the lightbulb. This invention changed the lifestyle of people in America as well as the Global community by harnessing electricity for everyday use.

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Andrew Carnegie

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This man was known as "the Steel King," and he was an undersized, charming Scotsman. He entered the steel business in Pittsburgh, and by 1900 was producing one-fourth of the nation's Bessemer steel. He also pioneered the creative entrepreneurial tactic of "vertical integration."

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John D. Rockefeller

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He became part of industrialization in the United States when in 1870 he created the Standard Oil Company in Cleveland, Ohio. This establishment made him the leader of the oil industry. Soon after he began eliminating his competitors, his strategie was to put take their profit then make them an offer to buy their company, if they refused he would force them into bankruptcy and by it at an auction. By 1877 he controlled ninty-five percent of the oil refineries in the whole country. He became America's first billionare and was often the "world's richest man".

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J. Pierpont Morgan

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An American financier who arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and Thomas-Houston Electric company to form General Electric. He also merged Carnegie Steel Company and several other companies to from the United States Steel Co. He is credited with rescuing the Economy of the United States and more specifically the economy of the US government twice.

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Terence Powderly

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An Irish American of nimble wit and fluent tongue. He was an erratic leader of the Knights of Labor, but was successful in his leadership winning many strikes for the eight hour day.

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John P. Altgeld

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- German-born Democrat was elected governor of Illinois. -He excused three survivors of He Haymarket case and his decision resulted in violence from conservatives and praise by those who believed the men were innocent. -He was never re-elected and died a few years later in obscurity.

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Samuel Gompers

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Philip Armour

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William Graham Sumner

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(1840-1910 social darwinist- believed in laissez faire economics very strongly. This man was such a ridiculous radical that he opposed literally every slightly liberal policy enacted by the government. [[image:sumner.jpg]]

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Russell Conwell

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"Social Darwinist who believed,” There is not a poor person in the United States who was not made poor by his own shortcomings.

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Herbert Spencer

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An English philosopher, famous for coining the phrase "survival of the fittest." He believed evolution would eventually lead to the perfect utilitarian society, and also compared socialism to slavery in terms of limiting human freedoms. Possibly the most successful philospher ever in popularity and book sales.

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James Buchanan Duke

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He owned a tobacco company that was run by his two children. They were the first company to make an automated cigarette making machine and by 1890 Duke supplied 40% of the American cigarette market. In 1892, Duke set up the first textile company in North Carolina. He established the Catawba Power Company as well as the Duke Power Company. In December 1924, just before his death he began the Duke Endowment. This was a trust fund that consisted of $40 million. The university was then renamed "Duke University" in honor of the donation. After his death, $67 million was given to the trust fund.

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land grant

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Many of these were given to railroad companies in the form of broad belts along proposed land for future railroads. With these, railroad companies who wished to build railroads there in the future withheld land from any other people or companies that wished to used it. President Grover Cleveland put and end to this in 1887 and it resulted in much criticism.

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stock watering

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Is the act of making a stock look like it is worth more than it is. It is when the stock is worth less than the invested capital

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pool

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This refers to an agreement to divide business in a given area amongst different companies/corporations and to share the profit. This was done with the railroad kings of the 1880s.

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rebate

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A refund or reduction in price that offers savings of some sort to the consumer in order to promote promducts. The return of part of what has already been paid

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vertical integration

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horizontal integration

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Is the merging of companies in the same kind of production that merges withe another company of the same production to create a larger firm.

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trust

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Somewhat unfair alliance made within a market which sought to trump the competition. Nowdays, it has come to describe any large-scale business combination. An example would be John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company. They allied with many smaller oil companies in the late 1800's in order to overcome competition for other, larger companies.

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interlocking directorate

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The practice of members of corporate board of directors serving on the boards of multiple corporations. This practice, although widespread and lawful, raises questions about the quality and independence of board decisions. The average board of directors has nine members, and the total population of board members of public companies traded is about 53,000.

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capital goods

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Steel making, notably rails for railroads, typified the dominance of "heavy industry" which concentrated on making what was collectively the major name for "consumer goods" that were distinct from this production, and included clothes and shoes.

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plutocracy

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the degree of economic inequality is high while the level of social mobility is low.

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injunction

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an equitable remedy in the form of a court order, whereby a party is required to do, or refrain from doing certain acts. The party that fails to adhere to the injunction faces civil or criminal penalties.

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trust-busting

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The government activity designed to break up trusts or monopolies

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company town

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Where all real estate (both residential and commercial) are owned by a single company.

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nonproducers

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anarchists

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An attitude which supports the elimination of "mandatory" government;"The view that society can and should be organized without a coercive state."

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pure and simple unionism

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This idea was a goal of Samuel Gompers that sought better wages, hours, and working conditions without the inclusion of political parties, and its purpose was to serve the immediate needs of workers, rather than using economic strategies that would benefit them later on.

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closed shop

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A goal of Samuel Goppers the expressed "all-union labor".

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Union Pacific Railroad

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Incorporated July 1, 1862 under the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. It's first rails were laid in Omaha, Nebraska.They were part of the railroads that came together at Promontory Summit, UT.

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Central Pacific Railroad

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The railroad that started in Sacramento, California and went over the snow-clogged Sierra Nevada where it would eventually meet the Union Pacific Railroad. Along with the Union Pacific railroad, it was constructed in haste and used thousands of chinese laborers in its construction.

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Grange

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- The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry - Organized in 1867 - Led by Oliver H. Kelley, a Minnesota farmer who worked as a clerk in Washington - Objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities by having picnics and concerts. - Attempted to manufacture harvesting machinery, but this venture failed in a financial disaster.

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Wabash case

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Bessemer process

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United States Steel

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Founded in 1901 , massively successful corporation and remains the largest steel producer headquartered in the United States. In its first full year of operation it generated 67 percent of steel produced in the United States.

Front 101

gospel of wealth

Back 101

The idea that the wealthy should be morally responsible.

Front 102

Sherman Act

Back 102

The Sherman Act was meant to prevent monopolies on trade goods by forbiding "combinations in restraint of trade." It was ineffective because of its short, vague language which left many loopholes for corporate lawyers. It also had a negative effect in that it allowed corporations to label labor unions as illegal for restraining trade.

Front 103

New South

Back 103

This term was used in opposition to the "Old South" and the plantation system of the antebellum period. It was an attempt to describe the rise of the South after the Civil War that would not be dependent on slave labor or on the cotton industry but on industrialization and part of a modern national economy.

Front 104

Interstate Commerce Act

Back 104

This was passed by Congress in 1887. It prohibited rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates openly. It also forbade unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed changing more for a short haul than for a long one over the same line. Lastly, it set up the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to administer and enforce the new laws.

Front 105

National Labor Union

Back 105

Was an organization created by the workers to combat the oppressive policies of the corporation. It opted for an Eight hour work day and the arbitration of industrial disputes. It did not include the Chinese and made only a small effort at recruiting Black people and Women. It was defeated during the depression of 1877.

Front 106

Haymarket riot

Back 106

This was a violent riot that broke out on May 4, 1886 in Chicago. It began as a rally in support of striking workers. An explosive was thrown at the police working to disperse the meeting. Eight anarchists were tried, convicted, and sentenced for the crime. John P. Altgeld worked to pardon the surviving members of those convicted. This act worked to undermine the Knights of Labor, who were associated in the public eye with anarchists.

Front 107

American Federation of Labor

Back 107

Created by Samuel Gompers this was a federation of unions that provided a backbone for a union to build its strategy and rules upon. Gompers provided reformed ideas of how to operate a union and social aspects of unions which allowed unions to be stronger and more influential thann ever.

Front 108

Jane Addams

Front 109

Florence Kelley

Front 110

Dwight Lyman Moody

Back 110

He was a shoe salesman turned urban revivalist preacher who captivated audiences with his message of forgiveness in the late nineteenth century.

Front 111

James Gibbons

Back 111

He was an American prelate, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Baltimore from 1877 until his death. In 1886 he became the second man from the United States to be made a cardinal. He served as Cardinal-Priest for Santa Maria in Trastevere basilica in Rome.

Front 112

Booker T. Washington

Back 112

The south lagged far behind other regions in public education, and African Americans suffered most severely. Forty four percent of non-whites were illiterate in 1900. In 1881, this black ex-slave called to head the black normal and industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama, beginning with forty students. He taught black students useful trades so that they could gain self-respect and economic security-he felt economic independence would be the key to black political and civil rights. He was called an "accommodationist" because he did not directly challenge white supremacy, and avoided the issue of social equality.

Front 113

W. E. B. Du Bois

Back 113

A noted scholar, editor, and African American activist. Also, he was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP -- the largest and oldest civil rights organization in America). Throughout his life, he fought discrimination and racism. He made significant contributions to debates about race, politics, and history in the United States in the first half of the 20th century, primarily through his writing and impassioned speaking on race relations. He also served as editor of //The Crisis// magazine and published several scholarly works on race and African American history. By the time he died, in 1963, he had written 17 books, edited four journals and played a key role in reshaping black-white relations in America.

Front 114

William James

Back 114

was a pioneering American psychologist and philosopher trained as a medical doctor. He wrote influential books on the young science of psychology, educational psychology, psychology of religious experience and mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. James studied medicine, physiology, and biology, and began to teach in those subjects, but was drawn to the scientific study of the human mind. He gained widespread recognition with his monumental //Principles of Psychology// (1890), twelve hundred pages in two volumes which took twelve years to complete. James also wrote a number of books pertaining to moral aspects of the human life and the psychology of humans.

Front 115

Henry George

Back 115

He wrote Progress and Poverty which looked to solve “the great enigma of our times” or “the association of progress with poverty.” He thought that the pressure of growing population on a fixed supply of land unjustifiably pushed up property values and soon became a most controversial figure about his tax ideas.

Front 116

Horatio Alger

Back 116

Horatio Alger was an American author in the 19th-century. His novels generally followed the adventures of bootblacks, newsboys, peddlers, buskers, and other impoverished children, they illustrated the children's rise in society, from humble backgrounds to lives of respectable middle-class security and comfort.

Front 117

Mark Twain

Back 117

He gave the Gilded age its name. He wrote many books including, "The Adventures of Toms Sawyer" and "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn."

Front 118

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Back 118

A major feminist who published " Women and Economics" which later became a classic of feminist literature. She called on women to become less dependent on men and contribute to community and larger life by participating in the economy. She rejected all claims that men were biologically superior to women.

Front 119

Carrie Chapman Catt

Back 119

She was a pragmatic and businesslike advocate for a woman's suffrage and started leading people during the 1900s. She de-emphasized the argument that women should vote because it was their right, and instead took a more traditional view stating that woman's voices should be heard in accordance with their responsibilities, such as health and education.

Front 120

Charles W. Eliot

Back 120

He was the American chosen to be the president of Harvard University in 1869. He served the longest term of president in the history of the university.

Front 121

Emily Dickinson

Back 121

She was a 19th century American poet born in Amherst, Massachusettes. She wrote around 1800 poems but less than a dozen were published. her poems were about death and immortality.

Front 122

Henry Adams

Back 122

An african-american pasteur, he was the leader of the first baptist church and was a prominant, well respected, self-educated biblical scholar.

Front 123

Jack London

Back 123

- A nature writer, wrote The Call of the Wild (1903) - Turned to depicting possible fascistic revolutions in the Iron Heel (1907).

Front 124

Paul Laurence Dunbar

Back 124

A seminal American poet who wrote between the 19th and early 20th century. He gained natural recognition for 'Lyrics of a Lowly Life in 1896. It was a collection of poems including Ode to Ethiopia.

Front 125

Theodore Dreiser

Front 126

Victoria Woodhull

Back 126

(1838-1927) A notorious women's rights activist who strongly and colorfully supported labor reforms and FREE love. koom-by-ah. This BA liked to spend her weekends doing such things as lobbying for women's suffrage and burning bras.

Front 127

William F. Cody

Back 127

A soldier in the civil war, a bison hunter, and a showman who put on shows with cowboy themes. He was known as "Buffalo Bill" and received the Medal of Honor in 1872.

Front 128

megalopolis

Back 128

A term first coined by Jean Gottman in 1957, it describes a vast, densely populated chain of metropolitan areas. Gottman used it to describe the East Coast of the United States, including Washington D.C., New York City, Philadelphia, and Boston.

Front 129

settlement house

Back 129

These became canters of women's activism and social reform. The most prominent American settlement house although not the first was the Hull House. Following Jane Addams lead, many other women founded other houses including Lillian Wald's Henry Street Settlement in New York.

Front 130

new immigration

Back 130

This phrase refers to the second wave of people coming to America from Europe in the late 1800s. These people were treated even more harshly than the earlier ones. They came for much of the same reasons but they were coming from southern and eastern rather than western Europe and were considered to be “culturally and religiously exotic hordes” by the “nativists” in America at the time. They were often blamed for degradation of urban government and influences of socialism, communism, and anarchism.

Front 131

social gospel

Back 131

<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">A group of Christian intellectuals who tried to apply Christian values to solve social problems. They were an important group in the late 19th century and early 20th, because they tried to help ease the burdens of the poor, and abused. They set up many institutions to help immigrants and poor people improve their life style by creating day cares, schools, and even lobbying for a shorter work day.</span></span>

Front 132

nativism

Back 132

This refers to an opposition to immigration or specific ethnic/cultural groups. It became popular in the United STates as a result of the Irish and German immigrations of the 1840s and 1850s. It also was popularized in the 1880s as a result of the southern and eastern European immigration.

Front 133

evolution

Back 133

The change of inherited traits from one generation to the next. Darwin came up with the basic idea and perameters that define the mechanisms that serve as the driving force behind evolution.

Front 134

pragmatism

Front 135

talented tenth

Front 136

land-grant colleges

Back 136

Starting with the Morrill Act of 1862, the states were provided with a generous grant of the public lands for support of education. Most of these colleges became state universities, and in turn bound themselves to provide certain services, such as military training. The grants provided were increased in 1887 with the Hatch Act.

Front 137

yellow journalism

Back 137

a type of journalism that downplays legitimate news in favor of eye-catching headlines that sell more newspapers. It may feature exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, sensationalism, or unprofessional practices by news media organizations or journalists. Mott (1941) defines this in terms of five characteristics:# scare headlines in huge print, often of minor news # lavish use of pictures, or imaginary drawings # use of faked interviews, misleading headlines, pseudo-science, and a parade of false learning from so-called experts # emphasis on full-color Sunday supplements, usually with comic strips (which is now normal in the U.S.) # dramatic sympathy with the "underdog" against the system.

Front 138

paperbacks

Back 138

"Dime novels" that usually depicted the wilds of the woolly west, which were devoured by millions of Americans Post-Civil War. Paint-debaubed Indians and quick-triggered gunmen like "Deadwood Dick" shot off vast quantities of powder, and virtue invariably triumphed. They were frowned upon by parents, but goggle-eyed youths read them in haylofts or in schools behind the broad covers of geography books.

Front 139

new morality

Back 139

reflected sexual freedom in the increase of birth control, divorces, and frank discussion of sexual topics.

Front 140

Macy's/Marshall Field's

Back 140

Marshall Field's (Marshall Field & Company) was an iconic department store in Chicago, Illinois that grew to become a major chain before being accquired by Macy's Inc. on August 30, 2005.The former flagship Marshall Field and Company Building location on State Street in The Loop of downtown Chicago was officially renamed //Macy's on State Street// on September 9, 2006, and is now one of three national Macy's flagship stores — one of two within the company's Macy's East retail division alongside its New York store at Herald Square. Initially, the State Street store was the lead store of the Macy's North division, immediately following the merger.

Front 141

America fever

Back 141

United States was painted as a land of fabulous opportunity by friends and relatives that were sending letters to the Europe, making Europeans view America as an attractive place to move.

Front 142

Hull House

Back 142

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> </span>The Hull House was one of the first settlement houses (a method of serving the poor in urban areas by living amongst them) in the United States. It slowly became one of the largest, with facilities in 13 buildings. Because of the Hull House's social, educational, and artistic programs, it became the best-known settlement house in the United States.

Front 143

The Origin of Species

Back 143

Written by Charles Darwin in 1859. It covered topics such as evolution and natural selection. The inspiration for this book was Darwin's trip to the Gallapagoes Islands aboard the Beagle.

Front 144

American Protective Association

Back 144

A notorious organization which had a membership of over a million people in 1887, which pursued nativists goals including voting against Roman Catholic canidates for political office.

Front 145

Salvation Army

Back 145

One of the newest of 150 religious denominations in 1890 that established a beachhead on the country's street corners and did a lot of practical good, such as giving out free soup, and appealed to those who were "down and out."

Front 146

Christian Science

Back 146

A religious belief that was found during the 19th Century by Mary Baker Eddy. It expresses that humanity and the universe are strictly spiritual and not material. It says that evil and error aren't real because truth and good are real.

Front 147

Chautauqua movement

Back 147

Sought to bring learning, culture and, later, entertainment to the small towns and villages of America during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Front 148

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Back 148

Partly founded by W.E.B. Du Bois it help further the advancement of education and social changes for colored people.

Front 149

Morrill Act

Back 149

- Considered an 'enlightened' law - Provided a generous grant of the public lands to the states for support of education.

Front 150

Progress and Poverty

Back 150

A book written by Henry George in 1879. It is a treatise on the cyclical nature of an industrial economy and its remedies

Front 151

Comstock Law

Front 152

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Back 152

Founded in 1873, this group dissed on drink hardcore. You want a nightcap? No way jose! These muthas' would do things like enter saloons and sing hymns to its drunken patrons in an attempt to stop the owners from selling alcohol. No drink fo' you!

Front 153

”Richardsonian”

Back 153

A style of Romanesque revival architecture named after Henry Richardson and first appeared in the Buffalo State Asylum for he insane. It is characterized by rounded arches rising from short columns, recessed entrances, varied rustication,bands of windows, and cylindrical columns.

Front 154

Jane Addams

Front 155

Florence Kelley

Back 155

She was a political and social reformer who sought to increase children's rights. She also fought hard for women suffrage.

Front 156

Dwight Lyman Moody

Back 156

He was a shoe salesman turned urban revivalist preacher who captivated audiences with his message of forgiveness in the late nineteenth century.

Front 157

James Gibbons

Back 157

He was an American prelate, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Baltimore from 1877 until his death. In 1886 he became the second man from the United States to be made a cardinal. He served as Cardinal-Priest for Santa Maria in Trastevere basilica in Rome.

Front 158

Booker T. Washington

Back 158

The south lagged far behind other regions in public education, and African Americans suffered most severely. Forty four percent of non-whites were illiterate in 1900. In 1881, this black ex-slave called to head the black normal and industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama, beginning with forty students. He taught black students useful trades so that they could gain self-respect and economic security-he felt economic independence would be the key to black political and civil rights. He was called an "accommodationist" because he did not directly challenge white supremacy, and avoided the issue of social equality.

Front 159

W. E. B. Du Bois

Back 159

He was a noted scholar, editor, and African American activist. Also, he was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP -- the largest and oldest civil rights organization in America). Throughout his life, he fought discrimination and racism. He made significant contributions to debates about race, politics, and history in the United States in the first half of the 20th century, primarily through his writing and impassioned speaking on race relations. He also served as editor of //The Crisis// magazine and published several scholarly works on race and African American history. By the time he died, in 1963, he had written 17 books, edited four journals and played a key role in reshaping black-white relations in America.

Front 160

William James

Back 160

was a pioneering American psychologist and philosopher trained as a medical doctor. He wrote influential books on the young science of psychology, educational psychology, psychology of religious experience and mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. James studied medicine, physiology, and biology, and began to teach in those subjects, but was drawn to the scientific study of the human mind. He gained widespread recognition with his monumental //Principles of Psychology// (1890), twelve hundred pages in two volumes which took twelve years to complete. James also wrote a number of books pertaining to moral aspects of the human life and the psychology of humans.

Front 161

Henry George

Back 161

He wrote Progress and Poverty which looked to solve “the great enigma of our times” or “the association of progress with poverty.” He thought that the pressure of growing population on a fixed supply of land unjustifiably pushed up property values and soon became a most controversial figure about his tax ideas.

Front 162

Horatio Alger

Back 162

Horatio Alger was an American author in the 19th-century. His novels generally followed the adventures of bootblacks, newsboys, peddlers, buskers, and other impoverished children, they illustrated the children's rise in society, from humble backgrounds to lives of respectable middle-class security and comfort.

Front 163

Mark Twain

Back 163

He gave the Gilded age its name. He wrote many books including, "The Adventures of Toms Sawyer" and "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn."

Front 164

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Back 164

A major feminist who published " Women and Economics" which later became a classic of feminist literature. She called on women to become less dependent on men and contribute to community and larger life by participating in the economy. She rejected all claims that men were biologically superior to women.

Front 165

Carrie Chapman Catt

Back 165

She was a pragmatic and businesslike advocate for a woman's suffrage and started leading people during the 1900s. She de-emphasized the argument that women should vote because it was their right, and instead took a more traditional view stating that woman's voices should be heard in accordance with their responsibilities, such as health and education.

Front 166

Charles W. Eliot

Back 166

He was the American chosen to be the president of Harvard University in 1869. He served the longest term of president in the history of the university.

Front 167

Emily Dickinson

Back 167

She was a 19th century American poet born in Amherst, Massachusettes. She wrote around 1800 poems but less than a dozen were published. her poems were about death and immortality.

Front 168

Henry Adams

Back 168

An african-american pasteur, he was the leader of the first baptist church and was a prominant, well respected, self-educated biblical scholar.

Front 169

Jack London

Back 169

A nature writer, wrote The Call of the Wild (1903). Turned to depicting possible fascistic revolutions in the Iron Heel (1907).

Front 170

Paul Laurence Dunbar

Back 170

A seminal American poet who wrote between the 19th and early 20th century. He gained natural recognition for 'Lyrics of a Lowly Life in 1896. It was a collection of poems including Ode to Ethiopia.

Front 171

Theodore Dreiser

Back 171

He was a novelist who wrote //Carrie Meeber// (1900). He was a homely, gangling writer from Indiana. He burst upon the literary scene in 1900 with //Sister Carrie//, a graphically realistic narrative.

Front 172

Victoria Woodhull

Back 172

(1838-1927) A notorious women's rights activist who strongly and colorfully supported labor reforms and FREE love. koom-by-ah. This BA liked to spend her weekends doing such things as lobbying for women's suffrage and burning bras.

Front 173

William F. Cody

Back 173

A soldier in the civil war, a bison hunter, and a showman who put on shows with cowboy themes. He was known as "Buffalo Bill" and received the Medal of Honor in 1872.

Front 174

megalopolis

Back 174

A term first coined by Jean Gottman in 1957, it describes a vast, densely populated chain of metropolitan areas. Gottman used it to describe the East Coast of the United States, including Washington D.C., New York City, Philadelphia, and Boston.

Front 175

settlement house

Back 175

These became canters of women's activism and social reform. The most prominent American settlement house although not the first was the Hull House. Following Jane Addams lead, many other women founded other houses including Lillian Wald's Henry Street Settlement in New York.

Front 176

new immigration

Back 176

This phrase refers to the second wave of people coming to America from Europe in the late 1800s. These people were treated even more harshly than the earlier ones. They came for much of the same reasons but they were coming from southern and eastern rather than western Europe and were considered to be “culturally and religiously exotic hordes” by the “nativists” in America at the time. They were often blamed for degradation of urban government and influences of socialism, communism, and anarchism.

Front 177

social gospel

Back 177

A group of Christian intellectuals who tried to apply Christian values to solve social problems. They were an important group in the late 19th century and early 20th, because they tried to help ease the burdens of the poor, and abused. They set up many institutions to help immigrants and poor people improve their life style by creating day cares, schools, and even lobbying for a shorter work day.

Front 178

nativism

Back 178

This refers to an opposition to immigration or specific ethnic/cultural groups. It became popular in the United STates as a result of the Irish and German immigrations of the 1840s and 1850s. It also was popularized in the 1880s as a result of the southern and eastern European immigration.

Front 179

evolution

Back 179

The change of inherited traits from one generation to the next. Darwin came up with the basic idea and perameters that define the mechanisms that serve as the driving force behind evolution.

Front 180

pragmatism

Front 181

talented tenth

Back 181

The Talented Tenth was an influential article written by W. E. B. Du Bois, a noble scholar, and published in September 1903. It appeared as the second chapter of //The Negro Problem//, a collection of articles by Blacks.

Front 182

land-grant colleges

Back 182

Starting with the Morrill Act of 1862, the states were provided with a generous grant of the public lands for support of education. Most of these colleges became state universities, and in turn bound themselves to provide certain services, such as military training. The grants provided were increased in 1887 with the Hatch Act.

Front 183

yellow journalism

Back 183

a type of journalism that downplays legitimate news in favor of eye-catching headlines that sell more newspapers. It may feature exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, sensationalism, or unprofessional practices by news media organizations or journalists. Mott (1941) defines this in terms of five characteristics: Scare headlines in huge print, often of minor news. Lavish use of pictures, or imaginary drawings. Use of faked interviews, misleading headlines, pseudo-science, and a parade of false learning from so-called experts. Emphasis on full-color Sunday supplements, usually with comic strips (which is now normal in the U.S.). Dramatic sympathy with the "underdog" against the system.

Front 184

paperbacks

Back 184

"Dime novels" that usually depicted the wilds of the woolly west, which were devoured by millions of Americans Post-Civil War. Paint-debaubed Indians and quick-triggered gunmen like "Deadwood Dick" shot off vast quantities of powder, and virtue invariably triumphed. They were frowned upon by parents, but goggle-eyed youths read them in haylofts or in schools behind the broad covers of geography books.

Front 185

new morality

Back 185

reflected sexual freedom in the increase of birth control, divorces, and frank discussion of sexual topics.

Front 186

Macy's/Marshall Field's

Back 186

Marshall Field's (Marshall Field & Company) was an iconic department store in Chicago, Illinois that grew to become a major chain before being accquired by Macy's Inc. on August 30, 2005.The former flagship Marshall Field and Company Building location on State Street in The Loop of downtown Chicago was officially renamed //Macy's on State Street// on September 9, 2006, and is now one of three national Macy's flagship stores — one of two within the company's Macy's East retail division alongside its New York store at Herald Square. Initially, the State Street store was the lead store of the Macy's North division, immediately following the merger.

Front 187

America fever

Back 187

United States was painted as a land of fabulous opportunity by friends and relatives that were sending letters to the Europe, making Europeans view America as an attractive place to move.

Front 188

Hull House

Back 188

The Hull House was one of the first settlement houses (a method of serving the poor in urban areas by living amongst them) in the United States. It slowly became one of the largest, with facilities in 13 buildings. Because of the Hull House's social, educational, and artistic programs, it became the best-known settlement house in the United States.

Front 189

The Origin of Species

Back 189

Written by Charles Darwin in 1859. It covered topics such as evolution and natural selection. The inspiration for this book was Darwin's trip to the Gallapagoes Islands aboard the Beagle.

Front 190

American Protective Association

Back 190

A notorious organization which had a membership of over a million people in 1887, which pursued nativists goals including voting against Roman Catholic canidates for political office.

Front 191

Salvation Army

Back 191

One of the newest of 150 religious denominations in 1890 that established a beachhead on the country's street corners and did a lot of practical good, such as giving out free soup, and appealed to those who were "down and out."

Front 192

Christian Science

Back 192

A religious belief that was found during the 19th Century by Mary Baker Eddy. It expresses that humanity and the universe are strictly spiritual and not material. It says that evil and error aren't real because truth and good are real.

Front 193

Chautauqua movement

Back 193

Sought to bring learning, culture and, later, entertainment to the small towns and villages of America during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Front 194

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Back 194

Partly founded by W.E.B. Du Bois it help further the advancement of education and social changes for colored people.

Front 195

Morrill Act

Back 195

Considered an 'enlightened' law. Provided a generous grant of the public lands to the states for support of education. Enforced in 1862

Front 196

Progress and Poverty

Back 196

A book written by Henry George in 1879. It is a treatise on the cyclical nature of an industrial economy and its remedies

Front 197

Comstock Law

Back 197

It was notoriously known from Anthony Comstock who made lifelong war on the "immoral." It showed the battle going on on the late-nineteenth-century America over sexual attitudes and the place of women.

Front 198

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Back 198

Founded in 1873, this group dissed on drink hardcore. You want a nightcap? No way jose! These muthas' would do things like enter saloons and sing hymns to its drunken patrons in an attempt to stop the owners from selling alcohol. No drink fo' you!

Front 199

”Richardsonian”

Back 199

A style of Romanesque revival architecture named after Henry Richardson and first appeared in the Buffalo State Asylum for he insane. It is characterized by rounded arches rising from short columns, recessed entrances, varied rustication,bands of windows, and cylindrical columns.

Front 200

Sitting Bull

Back 200

<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Was chief of the Sioux. He fought against colonel Custard’s Seventh cavalry, and won. The conflict started when Custard declared that he had found gold in Sioux territory. Custard attacked at the little bighorn and was wiped out.</span></span>

Front 201

George A. Custer

Front 202

Chief Joseph

Back 202

A member of the Nez Perce Indian tribe he was known for his peaceful efforts in stopping the American government form removing his tribe from their land. He was also one of the first Christion Nez Perce Indians in America.

Front 203

Geronimo

Front 204

Helen Hunt Jackson

Back 204

She was an American writer best known as the author of Ramona, a novel about the ill treatment of Native Americans in the Southwest.

Front 205

Wiliam F. Cody

Front 206

Oliver H. Kelley

Back 206

He was the grand old man of the National Grange, which he served as secretary for eleven years. He wanted to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational and fraternal activities.

Front 207

William Hope Harvey

Back 207

A firm believer in the Populist cause, Harvey wrote an enormously popular pamphlet titled //Coin's Financial School// (1894). This pamphlet showed how the "little professor"-"Coin" Harvey-overwhelmed the bankers and professors of economics with his brilliant arguments on behalf of free silver.

Front 208

Mary Elizabeth Lease

Back 208

an American lecturer, writer, and political activist. She was born to Irish immigrants Joseph P. and Mary Elizabeth (Murray) Clyens, in Ridgway, Pennsylvania. At age twenty, she moved to Kansas and married her husband,Charles L. Lease. She became involved in the Populist Party, drumming up support for their cause. She believed that big businesses had made the people of America into "wage slaves." She is widely believed to have exhorted Kansas farmers to "raise less corn and more hell." By 1890, her involvement in the growing revolt of Kansas farmers against high mortgage interest and railroad rates had placed her in the forefront of the People's (Populist) Party. She stumped all over Kansas, as well as the Far West and the South, making more than 160 speeches for the cause.

Front 209

Frederick Jackson Turner

Back 209

was an American historian in the early 20th century. He is best known for The Significance of the Frontier in American History. Turner is remembered for his "Frontier Thesis". In it, he stated that the spirit and success of the United States is directly tied to the country's westward expansion. According to Turner, the forging of the unique and rugged American identity occurred at the juncture between the civilization of settlement and the savagery of wilderness. This produced a new type of citizen - one with the power to tame the wild and one upon whom the wild had conferred strength and individuality

Front 210

James B. Weaver

Front 211

Jacob S. Coxey

Back 211

Jacob S Coxey was a socialist American polititian who ran for office about 15 different times, losing all of them, except in 1897 he was elected the governor of Ohio. Some of his failures include: running for Senate in 1916, multiple primary elections for both the Democrats and the Republicans, he ran for president in 1932, and he tried again in 1936. Although Jacob S. Coxey was not successful in getting a political office, he made a big impact in history. He led marches of bands of unemployed men to Washington D.C twice, once in 1894 and again in 1914. These marches are referred to as Coxey's Army, and they wanted Congress to give money to create jobs for the unemployed.

Front 212

Eugene V. Debs

Back 212

Led the socialist party in 1894. He was imprisoned in 1917 for criticizing the war.

Front 213

William McKinley

Back 213

Ran as the Republican canidate in the 1896 election. After being elected he passed many tariffs, upheld the gold standard, and promoted pluralism among ethnic groups. His election is considered to mark the beginning of the "Progressive Era."

Front 214

Marcus Alonzo Hanna

Back 214

A strong supporter of McKinley who made a fortune in the iron business and organized McKinley's campaign using his own money. He became the chairman of the Republican National Committee and was accused of "buying" the election and floating McKinley into the White House.

Front 215

William Jennings Bryan

Back 215

The Democratic candidate in the Election of 1896 that ran against the Republican candidate William McKinley. He centered his campaigning around the Populist movement and the need for "free silver". He is best known for his "Cross of Gold" speech in which he stated that a large money supply would gradually take away the Northern banking interests' control over the rest of the country. The Republican Party gained victory in the Election of 1896 and McKinley took his position as president.

Front 216

Sioux Wars

Back 216

a series of conflicts between the United States and various subgroups of the Sioux people that occurred in the latter half of the 19th century. The earliest conflict came in 1854 when a fight broke out at Fort Laramie in Wyoming, when Indian warriors killed 29 U.S. soldiers in what became known as the Grattan Massacre. The U.S. got revenge the next year by killing approximately 100 Sioux in Nebraska

Front 217

Nez Percé

Back 217

A group of indians in northeastern Oregon who were goaded into a fight. After a long chase they were put on a reservation in oklahoma where some 40% died.

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Apache

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- One of the most difficult tribes to subdue and shove onto a reservation. - Scattered warriors were persuaded to surrender after the tribe's women were exiled to Florida.\ - Became successful farmers in Oklahoma.

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Ghost Dance

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The Ghost Dance was a religious movement within various Native American belief systems. The traditional Ghost Dance (circle dance) had been preformed since the prehistoric times. This dance was first preformed by the teachings of Jack Wilson among the Nevada Paiute in 1889. Quickly, the Ghost Dance spread throughout the American West. Native American tribes across the West put their own individual beliefs into the dance that changed the society integrated in the dance and the ritual.

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Battle of Wounded Knee

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It was a battle over a "Ghost Dance," that spread to the Dakota Sioux. The army bloodily stamped it out in 1890. An estimated two hundred Indian men, women, and children were killed, as well as twenty-nine invading soldiers.

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Dawes Severalty Act

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(1887) -Dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of lands and alotted 160 acre parcels to individual indian families-offspring of the movement to reform indian policy.

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Little Big Horn

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Little Big Horn was a battle between the 7th Cavalry, led by George Custer, and Lakota-Nothern Cheyenne Native Americans in Montana. The Native Americans won, killing five of the 7th Cavarly's companies and Custer.

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Buffalo Soldiers

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Name given to the black soldiers in the U.S. Army after the civil war. These men mostly fought on the frontier against the Indians. The origin of the name is disputed, although the prevailing hypothesis is they were given it by Indians because their hair resembled buffalo fur.

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Comstock Lode

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This was the first major deposit of silver ore, which was discovered under what is now Virginia City, Nevada. Once word of the deposit reached others, many began to stake their claims of the land. Soon after, many mining camps thrived in the community. From 1859 to 1878, about $400 million of gold and silver was extracted from the area. While the fortunes from this discovery were large, more importantly, it lead to the growth of Nevada and San Francisco. It also spurred advances in mining technology. The mining craze declined in 1874.

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Long Drive

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The journey that was made by Texas cowboys- hauling their cattle from the ranches to the railroad terminal in order for them to be taken to the slaughterhouses. This trek went through the unfenced and unpeeled plains of Texas. Favorite terminal points or “cow towns” were Dodge City, Abilene, Ogallala, and Cheyenne. This system proved profitable to the cowboys while it lasted, but it didn’t last long because the grass no longer became available and intervention from sheepherders and homesteaders.

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Homestead Act

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It was passed in 1862. It allowed farmers to acquire as much as 160 acres, if they lived on it for five years, made improvements, and paid $30. It was a new way of distributing land. In the past land was sold for profit, now it was given a away because there was too much of it.

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Sooner State

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safety-valve theory

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The idea that providing free or cheap opportunities for the masses of unemplyed immigrants in the North Easterly areas of the nation to move to the West and effectively releive the pressure of such large amounts of unemployed people on one area. This would also allow them to begin annew and effectively make a life for themselves.

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Bonanza farms

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National Grange

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Also known as the National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry was a fraternal organization for American farmers that encourages farm families to band together for their common economic and political good. It was the longest lasting agricultural organization in American history. It was established after the end of the civil war until the present day.

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Granger laws

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Farmers' Alliance

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This was an organization agrarian economic movement amongst United States farmers that flourished in the 1880's. The organization was founded in Texas in the late 1870's. The farmers came together in order to socialize, but more importantly, to break the strangling grip of the railroads and manufacturers through cooperative buying and selling.

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Colored Farmers National Alliance

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The Farmers National Alliance was founded in Texas, in the late 1870s. Farmers came together in the Alliance to socialize, but more importantly to break the strangling grip of the railroads and manufacturers through cooperative buying and selling. This alliance became very widespread, however it weakened itself by ignoring landless tenant farmers, and excluding blacks. In the 1880s a seperate Colored Farmers National Alliance emerged to attract black farmers, and by 1890 there were 250,000 members. However, racial division made it difficult for white and black farmers to work together in the same organization.

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Populist (People's) Party

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was a relatively short-lived political party in the United States in the late 19th century. It flourished particularly among western farmers, based largely on its opposition to the gold standard. It didn't last long because it was identified with the free silver movement, which did not go over well with urban voters.

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Coin's Financial School

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Coin's Financial School was a popular pamphlet written in 1893 that helped popularize the free silver and populist movements. The thesis of Coin's Financial School is that London arranged the end of the free coinage of silver in 1873 because they had gold cornered and thus the large Civil War debt became payable in gold instead of silver. The Coinage Act of 1873 demonetized silver by allowing repayment of all debts in gold or silver at the option of the holder of the debt. The deflation resulting from the immediate removal of half the nation's money supply destroyed agriculture and main street America along with it.

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Coxey's Army

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Pullman Strike

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May 11, 1894: Because of the economic panic in 1893, Pullman Palace Car Company workers suffered a 25% wage cut. Because they did not get sufficient pay to begin with, they reacted radically. They started a boycott where they would refuse to run the trains that had Pullman cars on them. The strike shut down most Pullman factories, and most railroads had to hire "strikebreakers." Most of the strikebreakers were African American, adding racial tensions in the mix. This outraged the workers further, provoking them to start fires nearby buildings and derailing a train. The strike ended when 12,000 men from the US Army interferred.

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Cross of Gold speech

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By Democrat William Jennings Bryan. It promoted his campaign of "free silver." He argued that an easy money supply would loosen the control of the Northern banking interests held over the country.

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Gold Bugs

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A term that became popular in the 1896 election when supporters of Mckinley took to wearing gold lapel pins, neckties, and headbands as a symbol of the prosperity he would bring to the country.

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“16 to 1”

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The most formidable political campaign chest amassed by supporters of McKinley that amounted to roughly $16 million, as compared to $1 million for the poorer Democrats, or "16 to 1."

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“fourth party system”

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The political time in American history between 1896 and 1932 in which the Republican Party was dominant. It began with William McKinley winning the Election of 1896 as the Republican candidate. The only time in which the Democrats gained some control was when the Republican Party split in 1912 giving the Democrats rule for eight years. This period is also known as the Progressive Era. During this time World War I took place from 1914 to 1918. This time also included the beggining of the Great Depression in the late 1920s to the 1930s.

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Dingley Tariff bill

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Enacted during the McKinley administration. It raised tariff rates to a new high of 46.5%-57%.

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Gold Standard Act

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The Gold Standard Act simply meant that paper currency could be freely traded in for gold. This signifigance of this was that it lowered the inflation to paper currency was prone to by connecting it with gold.

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Alfred Thayer Mahan

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Author of //The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783// in 1890 and captain in the U.S. navy, he helped to heighten the demand for naval dominance among the great powers, especially in the United States.

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James G. Blaine

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Being a part of the Cabinet for several years, he decided to run for president. After loosing the election of 1884, he was only the second Republican Nominee to loose an election. He pushed his "Big Sister" policy, aimed at rallying the Latin American nations behind Uncle Sam's leadership and opening Latin American markets to Yankee traders. Blaine's efforts bore some fruit in 1889, when he presided over the first Pan-American Conference, the modest beginnings of an increasingly important series of inter-American assemblages.

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Richard Olney

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As President Cleveland’s secretary of state, he got involved with the border issue between Britain and Venezuela. Using the Monroe Doctrine as his backing, he sent a combative note to Britain. This caused major tensions between America and Britain who said it was none of America’s business.

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Valeriano Weyler

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Also known as “Butcher Weyler,” was a Spanish general sent to quell the rebellion in Cuba. He relocated many civilians to reconcentration camps to keep them from helping the inserectos. These camps had no sanitation so the civilians died like dogs.

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Dupuy de Lóme

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Theodore Roosevelt

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Known as TR and Teddy he was the twenty sixth president. He was the candidate for the republican and progressive parties and was a governor of New York. He was famous for his personality. He was energetic had lots of common interests and great achievements, and his cowboy kind of personality was easy to relate to. The teddy bear which is now commonplace in children’s toy chests was named after this iconic president.

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George Dewey

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Emilio Aguinaldo

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He was general of the Philippine resistance against Spain and played a huge role in the American-Philippine War. He led a resistance against the United States' occupation of the Philippines. He did eventually pledge his allegiance to the United States.

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William Howard Taft

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John Hay

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He was an American statesman, diplomat, author, journalist, and private secretary and assistant to Abraham Lincoln.

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Philippe Bunau-Varilla

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The young, energetic, and unscrupulous engineer who represented the new Panama Canal Company. This scheming man was not disturbed by the prospect of losing his companies 40 million dollars, and helped to incite a rebellion on November 3,1903.

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George Washington Goethals

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A United States Army officer and civil engineer, best known for his supervision of construction and the opening of the Panama Canal.

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reconcentration

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A Policy of General Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau in the Cuban Revolution which moved all Cuban citizens into Spanish safety.Unfortunately at least 30% perished from lack of proper food, sanitary conditions, and medicines. The policy generated severe anti-Spanish feeling in the United States which helped propel it into war in 1898.

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jingoism

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Excessive patriotism or aggressive nationalism especially with regards to foreign policy. This happened during the “splendid little war” of 1898 when an exhilarating new martial spirit thrilled America

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imperialism

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They system of building foeign empires in other areas it is the practice of extending the power. The country rules an area outside of its own borders, this is usually accomplished through military or other means. It generally causes a lot of tension in all of the world powers, and leads to irresponsible blockades and ultimately, war.

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guerrilla warfare

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this is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes, raids, etc.) to combat a larger and less mobile formal army The guerrilla army uses ambush (stealth and surprise) and mobility (draw enemy forces to terrain unsuited to them) in attacking vulnerable targets in enemy territory.

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spheres of influence

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refers to the sphere of influence of a business, organization or group, that can influence the decisions of another business, organization or group. Generally larger companies have more widespread business influence.

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“yellow peril”

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Pan-American Conference

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The international organization that takes care of trading and other issues. It is also known as the Conferences of American States. The first one was held by James G. Blaine from 1889 to 1890.

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Maine

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the northernmost portion of New England and is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States. It is known for its scenery—its jagged, mostly rocky coastline; its low, rolling mountains; and its heavily forested interior — as well as for its seafood cuisine, especially lobsters and clams.

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Teller Amendment

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This provisio proclaimed to the world that when the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give the cubans their freedom.

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Rough Riders

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the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry. One of three such regiments raised in 1898 for the United States' war with Spain and the only one of the three to see action. Also called "Wood's Weary Walkers" after its first commander, Colonel Leonard Wood. Despite being a cavalry unit they ended up fighting on foot as infantry

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Treaty of Paris

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ended the Spanish-American War. The Treaty provided that Cuba would become independent from Spain but the US congress made sure it would be under US control. Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over - and title to - Cuba. Cuba was to be occupied by the United States, and the United States would assume and discharge any obligations that under international law could result from the fact of its occupation. Treaty also assured that Spain would cede to the United States the island of Puerto Rico and other islands then under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, as well as the island of Guam in the Marianas or Ladrones

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Anti-Imperialist League

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It sprang into being to fight the McKinley administration's expansionist moves. It counted amoung its members some of the most prominent people in the United States, including the presidents of Standford and Harvard Universities and the novelist Mark Twain. It even stretched over such strange bedfellows as the labor leader Samuel Gompers and the steel titan Andrew Carnegie.

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Foraker Act

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Otherwise known as the Organic Act of 1900, this bad boy established a civilian popular government on the US territory of Puerto Rico, yar.

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insular cases

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Platt Amendment

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The U.S. forced Cuba to write this into their constitution in 1901, which brought Cuba under their control. It gave the U.S. the final say in Cuban treaties and debts, as well as giving the U.S. the right to send troops to “restore order” and the right to coaling or naval stations (such as Guantanamo). It was loathed by Cubans, and was finally abrogated in 1934

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Philippine insurrection

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Another word for the Philippine-American War. This was an armed military conflict between the United States and the Philippines. This conflict arose from the First Philippine Republic's struggle against U.S. annexation of the islands.

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Open Door notes

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This communication was sent to all the great powers (after Japan’s defeat of China) by Secretary of State, John Hay. It announced that in their leaseholds or spheres of influence they would respect certain Chinese rights and the idea of fair competition. He did this because he was worried that the European powers would take over Chinese land and economics. However, Hay did not consult the Chinese themselves before sending it out, but it was eventually accepted.

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Boxer Rebellion

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It was a response to the American Open Door policy. The rebellion was led by a group of patriotic Chinese called “Boxers,” for their training in the martial arts. They killed two hundred foreigners and thousands of Chinese Christians. It was put down by foreign troops, and an unfair $333 million was taken from China for the damages – America only received $24 million of that.

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the Rough Rider

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big-stick diplomacy

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Was the policy of Theodore Roosevelt. It was derived fro the phrase speak softly and carry a big stick and you will go far. This policy stated that the US had the right to intervene if any country form Europe attempted to do anything in the Western Hemisphere. It also stated that the US could intervene in any way needed if neighbors were incapable of taking care of their own needs

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Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

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Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

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It was a treaty signed by the U.S. and Great Britain allowing the United States to connect the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean across Central America.

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Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

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Panama Canal

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It is a man-made canal in Panama which joins the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken, it had an enormous impact on shipping between the two oceans, replacing the long and treacherous route via the Drake Passage and Cape Horn at the southernmost tip of South America.

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Roosevelt Corollary

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The brazen policy of preventive intervention established by Roosevelt after the violation of the Monroe Doctrine in Latin America. This document announced that the event of future financial malseasance by the Latin American Nations, the United States itself would intervene, take over the Customshouses, pay off the debts, and keep the troublesome Europeans on the other side of the Atlantic.

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Russo-Japanese War

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<military conflict in which a victorious Japan forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policy in the Far East, becoming the first Asian power in modern times to defeat a European power.

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Portsmouth Conference

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The Portsmouth conference formally ended the 1904-1905 Russo Japanese War. In accordance to the treaty, both Russia and Japan agreed to evacuate the Manchuria Region in China.

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Gentlemen's Agreement

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A secret understanding worked out during 1907-1908, Tokyo agreed to stop the flow of laborers to the American mainland by withholding passports.

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Great White Fleet

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the US Navy battle fleet that went around the globe from 12-16-1907 to 2-22-1909. Theodore Roosevelt ordered the group of four squadrons, four battleships, and their escorts to do the circumnavigation because he wanted to demonstrate the growing power of both the military and navy.