Ap United States History Study Cards: Beginning To 1877

Front 1

Alien and Sedition Acts

Back 1

-1798
-Restrictive legislation passed by the Federalists to weaken their opposition, the Republicans.

Front 2

American System

Back 2

-A nationalist economic program originated by Henry Clay and favored by the whigs; it called for protective tariffs, a national bank, internal improvements through federal aid, and the sale of public lands to produce revenue

Front 3

Amnesty Act

Back 3

-1872
-By this law Congress pardoned and restored the political rights of former Confederates

Front 4

Bacon's Rebellion

Back 4

-1676
-Frontier rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against the Governor of Virginia, Sir William Berkeley, in protest of grievances against the ruling clique at Jamestown.

Front 5

Balance of Payments

Back 5

-The difference in the value of goods and services bought and those sold by a nation. An unfavorable balance represents payments in excess of receipts and ultimately may have to be settled by payments of gold.

Front 6

Black Codes

Back 6

-Laws passed by the Southern states immediately after the Civil War to regulate behavior of the former slaves.

Front 7

Blockade

Back 7

-The isolation of an enemy by military force, usually naval patrols, to cut off commerce wit the rest of the world; a "paper blockade" is one not actually in effect in the vicinity of the enemy coast line
-Civil War, North blockades the South

Front 8

"Blue Laws"

Back 8

-Legislation to regulate individual conduct and morals, such as compulsory observance of the Sabbath and prohibition of certain kinds of recreation
-Puritans

Front 9

Carpetbaggers

Back 9

-Derogatory term applied to Northern politicians, businessmen, and others who migrated to the South during Reconstruction to advance their own fortunes

Front 10

Chesapeake and Leopard Affair

Back 10

-1807
-The attack of the British warship Leopard upon the American warship Chespeake for the purpose of impressing seamen

Front 11

Coercive Acts

Back 11

-1774
-Known as Intolerable Acts in the colonies; four Parliamentary acts designed to punish and discipline Massachusetts following the Boston Tea Party

Front 12

Common Law

Back 12

-The unwritten law of England based on ancient customs and handed down in court decisions which became precedents for the settlement of similar, subsequent cases

Front 13

First Continental Congress

Back 13

-September 1774
-United the colonies in certain measures of defense against the British

Front 14

Second Continental Congress

Back 14

-May 1775
-Declares Independence
-Creates central government for during the Revolution

Front 15

Copperheads

Back 15

-Northern Democrats, also called Peace Democrats, who opposed the Lincoln administration in its war efforts against the seceded south.

Front 16

Crittenden Compromise

Back 16

-1861
-Proposals made by Senator Crittenden of Kentucky to bring the seceded states back into the Union by protecting their interests in slavery by "permanent amendments" to the Constitution.

Front 17

Currency Act

Back 17

-1764
-Law enacted by Parliament that prohibited issues of legal-tender paper money by colonial assemblies
-Resented by colonists, suffering money shortage

Front 18

Declaratory Act

Back 18

-1766
-After repeal of the Stamp Act, Parliament passed this act to assert the right to legislate for the colonies in all cases

Front 19

Dred Scott Case

Back 19

-1857
-A decision of the Supreme Court favorable to the South; it legalized slavery in the territories and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional

Front 20

Embargo Act

Back 20

-1807
-An extreme measure by Jefferson to secure a recognition of American commercial rights
-Stopped all foreign trade of America

Front 21

Era of Good Feelings

Back 21

-Madison
-1816-1820
-Absence of strife between political parties

Front 22

Exposition and Protest

Back 22

-1828
-South Carolina's protest against protective tariffs which it declared to be unconstitutional
-Nullification

Front 23

Federalist Papers

Back 23

-John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison
-Win support for the Constitution during campaign for ratification

Front 24

Fire-Eaters

Back 24

-Southern extremists who favored secession in the decade preceding the Civil War.

Front 25

Freedmen's Bureau

Back 25

-Controversial federal agency that provided relief for distressed freedmen in the South after the Civil War
-Vetoed for renewal by Johnson

Front 26

Freeport Doctrine

Back 26

-The position taken by Douglas in his debate with Lincoln at Freeport, Illinois, that, if the people of a territory wish, they could exclude slavery by failing to enact local regulations for its protection. He said this could be done despite the Dred Scott decision.

Front 27

Treaty of Paris

Back 27

-1783
-British and America
-British recognizes American independence
-Northern Boundary was fixed on Canadian border, Southern Border on Florida, and Western border the Mississippi River

Front 28

Articles of Confederation

Back 28

-1781
-Many Weaknesses, including required 9 of 13 states to vote to pass legislation, no tariffs, no single elective executive, different currency for states
-Ultimately fails

Front 29

Ordinance of 1787/ Northwest Ordinance

Back 29

-1787
-Ohio River area divided into 3 territories
-Could draft a constitution when population of 60,000 then submit it to Congress for admission as a state

Front 30

Land Ordinance of 1785

Back 30

-1785
-Created a way for the American government to sell lands in territories
-$1.00 an acre

Front 31

Shay's Rebellion

Back 31

-1786-1787
-Daniel Shay
-Western Massachusetts
-The Regulators, a group of angered farmers, rebel against taxation, struck fear in the leaders of the country.

Front 32

Annapolis Convention

Back 32

-1786
-Sends resolution to Congress urging a general convention of the states to amend the Articles of Confederation.

Front 33

Second Bank of the United States

Back 33

-1816
-Large Capacity then the first
-In provisions for branch banks
-Later destroyed under Jackson

Front 34

Panic of 1819

Back 34

-1819
-People used loans to buy mass farm land, banks wanted payment when the Second Bank of the US demanded specie, people couldn't pay
-Congress lowers price of land to $1.25

Front 35

Treaty of Ghent

Back 35

-End of War of 1812
-Ends impressment of sailors
-Recognizes Americas trade rights
-Britain can't interfere in the US Great Lake region

Front 36

Louisiana Purchase

Back 36

-1803
-Jefferson purchases large mass of land known as the Louisiana Territory
-Napolean sells cheap, because he needs to gain money for European wars.

Front 37

Tariff of 1816

Back 37

-Tariff levels increased to favor American Manufacturers
-Opposed by Daniel Webster

Front 38

Great Migration

Back 38

-1815 onward
-The movement of eastern settlers to the west
-Caused by less NA, less soil in New England, cheap land, and transportation improvements.

Front 39

Robert Fulton

Back 39

-1807
-Creates first practical steamboat, the Clermont

Front 40

Eli whitney

Back 40

-Invents the Cotton Gin in 1793 to clean cotton at a much faster rate
-Creates the idea of Interchangeable parts, the basic principle of the assembly line.

Front 41

Erie Canal

Back 41

-1817
-Idea by DeWitt Clinton
-Carry barges from New York to Buffalo
-Sparks increase in travel

Front 42

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Back 42

-1817
-Naval disarmament of the Great Lakes
-Paves way for abandonment of fortifications on the Canadian border

Front 43

The Missouri Compromise

Back 43

-1820
-Missouri becomes slave state, Maine a free state
-Territory North of 36' 30 would be free, anything South slave states

Front 44

Monroe Doctrine

Back 44

-1822
-America recognizes independence of Latin American colonies and told Europe not to interfer
-America no longer open to Colonization

Front 45

Corrupt Bargain (1824)

Back 45

-Election of 1824
-Jackson and John Quincy Adams to be decided in House of Representatives
-Henry Clay swings Congress to vote for John Adams and in return becomes Secretary of State

Front 46

Tariff of Abominations

Back 46

-1828
-Plan back fires on Jackson who tries to get based large tariff increases to get rid of Tariff of 1824, ends up passing
-Resented by the South

Front 47

Election of 1828

Back 47

-Dirtiest election in American history
-Candidates told lies to destroy the credibility of each other.

Front 48

Spoils System

Back 48

-The process of rewarding loyal party members with Government jobs
-Starts with the Presidency of Jackson

Front 49

Kitchen Cabinet

Back 49

-Jackson's friends who advised him on his political decisions, but were not his actual cabinet

Front 50

Worcester v. Georgia

Back 50

-1832
-Marshall Court
-State government had no jurisdiction over NAs
-Jackson refuses to obey the decision

Front 51

Tariff of 1832

Back 51

-1832
-Decreases tariff rates, because of decrease in National Debt

Front 52

Nullification

Back 52

-1830s
-John C. Calhoun
-The belief that a state could nullify laws they saw as unconstitutional
-Leads to nullification crisis in South Carolina.

Front 53

Nicholas Biddle

Back 53

-Ran the Second Bank of the United States
-Jackson's rival
-Used corruption in an attempt to keep the bank alive

Front 54

Pet Banks

Back 54

-Banks used for federal money during the Bank War to keep the money out of the Bank of the United States

Front 55

Specie Circular

Back 55

-Andrew Jackson
-Required the payment of coin for public lands

Front 56

The Whig Party

Back 56

-1834-1840s
-Takes National Republicans, Anti-Masons, and Anti-Jackson Democrats and puts into one party
-Strongest in the North
-Held by the Trinity of Clay, Calhoun and Webster

Front 57

Panic of 1837

Back 57

-1837
-Caused by Depression in England, Specie Circular, Over expanding Credit, and crop failures

Front 58

Oregon Treaty

Back 58

-Gave US the Oregon territory with the boundary at the 49th parallel
-Many wanted 54th Parallel, called "54-40 or Fight!"

Front 59

Causes of the Mexican War

Back 59

-Mexican Government had no money to restrain attacks on Americans near the border
-Annexation of Texas
-Border disputes

Front 60

Slidell Mission

Back 60

-John Slidell sent by Polk
-1845
-Recognition of Rio Grande Border
-5M for New Mexico
-20M for California
-Mexican Government refuses

Front 61

Zachary Taylor's Army Campaign

Back 61

-1846
-Mexican War
-Captures Monterey in September and wins Battle of Buena Vista
-Stays in Northern Mexico

Front 62

Stephen W. Kearney's Army Campaign

Back 62

-1846
-Mexican War
-Marches and takes over control of California

Front 63

Winfield Scott's Army Campaign

Back 63

-1846
-Marches to Mexico City
-Mexico City surrenders in 1847

Front 64

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Back 64

-1848
-Mexico cede New Mexico and California to US
-Recognizes Rio Grande Border
-US pays 15M for New Mexico and California

Front 65

The Mormon Church

Back 65

-Begins in 1830
-Created by Joseph Smith
-1846 Brigham Young leads Mormons to Salt Lake City, Utah

Front 66

King Cotton

Back 66

-The term given to the large cash crop of the south, cotton
-Dominated life and economy of the South

Front 67

American Colonization Society

Back 67

-1817
-Formed the colony of Libera to transport African Americans so they could obtain their freedom
-Little success

Front 68

William Lloyd Garrison

Back 68

-Active Abolitionist
-1831, Abolitionist Journal called the Liberator

Front 69

Temperance Movement

Back 69

-Benjamin Rush determines alcohol to be harmful to health
-American Temperance Union

Front 70

Dorthea Dix

Back 70

-Lead a crusade for more humane and rational treatment of the insane

Front 71

Wilmot Proviso

Back 71

-1846
-No territory from Mexico would allow slavery
-Never passed

Front 72

Popular Sovereignty

Back 72

-A territory should choose whether or not it became a slave state

Front 73

Ostend Manifesto

Back 73

-Attempted to purchase Cuba from the Spanish, would seize if they did not agree
-Pierce turned it down.