A&p Unit 2

Front 1

substance found only in cells

Back 1

cytoplasm

Front 2

specialized structures within the cytoplasm

Back 2

organelles

Front 3

surrounded by a plasma membrane

Back 3

cell interior

Front 4

• forms outer boundary

• composed of thin two layered membrane of phospholipids containing proteins

• also selectively permeable

Back 4

plasma membrane

Front 5

• internal living material of cells

• fills space between membranes and nucleus

• contains organelles

Back 5

cytoplasm

Front 6

•may attach to rough ER or lie free in cytoplasm

•made up of 2 tiny subunits of mostly ribosomal RNA

•make enzymes and other proteins

• nickname "protein factories"

Back 6

ribosomes

Front 7

•network of connecting sacs and canals

• carry substance through fluid cytoplasm

Back 7

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 8

organelle that connects, fold, and transport proteins made in ribosome

Back 8

Rough ER

Front 9

organelle that synthesizes chemicals; make new membrane

Back 9

Smooth ER

Front 10

•group of flatted sacs near nucleus

•collects chemicals into vessels that move from smooth ER outward to plasma membrane

• called chemical processing and packaging center

•makes mucus

Back 10

Golgi Apparatus

Front 11

•composed of inner and outer membranous sacs

•involved with energy-releasing chemical reaction

•often called "power plants" of the cell

• contains one DNA molecule

Back 11

mitochondria

Front 12

•membranous-walled organelles

•contains digestive enzymes

•have a protective function (eats microbes)

•formerly thought to be responsible for apoptosis (programmed cell death)

•often called digestive bags

Back 12

lysosomes

Front 13

•region of cytoplasm near nucleus

•serves as microtubule organizing center of cell

Back 13

centrosome

Front 14

•found within centrosome

•paired organelles that lie at right angles to each other near the nucleus

•function in cell reproduction

Back 14

centrioles

Front 15

•small finger like entensions of the plasma membrane

•increase absportion surface area of the cell

example: small intestine

Back 15

microvilli

Front 16

•fine hairlike extensions found on free or exposed surfaces of some cells

•capable of moving in unison in a wavelike fashion

•single nonmoving cilia in some cells serve sensory functions (nose, eye, ears)

Back 16

cilia

Front 17

•controls cell because it contains DNA, the genetic code-instuction for making protein
•component stucture include nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, and chromatin granules
• DNA molecule become tightly coiled chromosomes during cell division
•each cell has 46 chromosomes in the nucleus

Back 17

chromatin & chromosome

Front 18

•surrounded by nuclear envelope

•small sphere located in the center of cells

•made up of 2 sperate membranes that enclose the nucleoplasm

•contains nuclear pores

Back 18

nucleus

Front 19

•dense region of nuclear material

•critical in protein formation because it programs the formation of ribosomes in the nucleus

Back 19

Nucleolus

Front 20

•single projection extending from cell surface

•propels a cell through its fluid environment

•"tails" of sperm cell

Back 20

flagella

Front 21

process that does not require energy; result in movement down a concentration gradient

Back 21

passive transport

Front 22

substance scatter themselves evenly throughout an available space

Back 22

diffusion

Front 23

diffusions of water when some solutes cannot cross the membrane, producing equilibration as well as a shift in fluid volume and pressure

Back 23

osmosis

Front 24

diffusion of some solutes but not others, resulting in uneven distribution of solutes across a membrane

Back 24

dialysis

Front 25

cell lyse (explode)

Back 25

hypotonic

Front 26

cells remains the same

Back 26

isotonic

Front 27

cell shrivel up

Back 27

hypertonic

Front 28

•movement of water and solutes caused by hydrostatic pressure on one side of membrane

•responsible for urine formation

Back 28

filtration

Front 29

movement of substances is "up the concentration gradient"; requires energy from ATP

Back 29

active transport

Front 30

protein complex in the cell membrane; uses energy from ATP to move substance across cell membrane against their concentration gradient

Back 30

ion pumps

Front 31

protective mechanism often used to destroy bacteria

Back 31

phagocytosis

Front 32

used to incorporate fluids or dissolved substance into cells

Back 32

pinocytosis

Front 33

chacterized by abnormally thick secretion in the airway and digestive ducts result from failed Cl- transport

Back 33

Cystic Fibrosis

Front 34

bacterial infection that causes Cl- and water to leak from cells lining the intestine, resulting in severe diarrhea and water loss

Back 34

cholera

Front 35

a specific segment of base pairs determines hereditary

Back 35

genetic code

Front 36

occurs in cytoplasm thus genetic info must pass from nucleus to cytoplasm

Back 36

protein synthesis

Front 37

contain in the cell nucleus

Back 37

DNA

Front 38

•double strand DNA sperates to form mRNA
•each strand of mRNA duplicates a particular gene from a segment of DNA
•mRNA molecule pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where they direct protein synthesis in ribosomes and ER

Back 38

transcription

Front 39

•involves synthesis of protein in cytoplasm by ribosomes
•require use of info contained in mRNA

Back 39

translation

Front 40

series of 3 nucleotide bases that act as a code for specific amino acid

Back 40

codon

Front 41

reproduction of cell involving division of the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Back 41

cell division

Front 42

period when the cell is not actively dividing

Back 42

interphase

Front 43

process by which each half of a DNA molecule becomes a whole molecule identical to the original DNA; precedes mitosis

Back 43

DNA replication

Front 44

process in cell division that distributes identical chromosome to each new cell formed when the original cell divides

Back 44

mitosis

Front 45

•chromatin granules become organized

•chromosome appear

•centrioles move away from nucleus

•nuclear envelope disappear

•spindle fibers appear

Back 45

prophase

Front 46

•chromosomes align across center of cell
•spindle fibers attach themselves to each chromatid

Back 46

metaphase

Front 47

•centromeres break apart

•seperated chromatids now called chromosomes

•chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of cell

•cleavage furrow develops at end

Back 47

anaphase

Front 48

•cell division

•nuclei appear in daughter cell

•nuclear envelope and nucleoli appear

•cytoplasm is divided (cytokinesis)

•daughter cells become fully functional

Back 48

telophase

Front 49

increase in size of individual cells; increasing size of tissue

Back 49

hypertrophy

Front 50

decrease in size of individual cell; decrease size of tissue

Back 50

atrophy

Front 51

increase in cell reproduction; increase size of tissue

Back 51

hyperplasia

Front 52

production of abnormal, undifferentiated cells

Back 52

anaplasia