A&p The Skeletal System Ch. 5

Front 1

Name the components of the compact bone

Back 1

list all

Front 2

A calcium phosphate complex that is the primary mineral component of bone.

Back 2

hydroxyapatite

Front 3

The compact noncancellous portion of bone that consists largely of concentric lamellar osteons and interstitial lamellae.

Back 3

compact bone

Front 4

Various passages in compact bone through which blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymphatics pass.

Back 4

haversian canal

Front 5

A thin layer of connective tissue that lines the walls of the bone marrow cavities and haversian canals

Back 5

endosteum

Front 6

The cell associated with the growth and development of bone

Back 6

osteoblasts

Front 7

An osteoblast that has become embedded within the bone matrix, occupying a bone lacuna

Back 7

osteocyte

Front 8

Connects the osteocytes with eachother and with the Haversian canal.

Back 8

canaliculi

Front 9

Run at right angles to the Haverisian canal,transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone

Back 9

Volkmanns's canals

Front 10

Bone in which the spicules surround blood-filled spaces called cancelli. Spaces between blood and bone cells are small,

Back 10

cancellous or spongy bone

Front 11

Functions of Compact bone.

Back 11

Support against gravity, protection from direct trauma,trasmission of muscular force, make blood cells, Ca++ Storage

Front 12

The production of red blood cells

Back 12

hemotopoiesis

Front 13

Portion of a long bone between the ends or extremities, which are cylinder, with outer wall composed of compact bone

Back 13

diaphysis

Front 14

The wider part at the end of the shaft of a long bone, joins the shank of the bone to its heads

Back 14

metaphysis

Front 15

The end of a long bone;composed of layers of compact bone lined with cacellous bone

Back 15

epiphysis

Front 16

seed shaped bones

Back 16

patella

Front 17

Actively involved in blood cell generation

Back 17

red marrow

Front 18

Dormant and is dominated by the presence of fat cells that give it its color

Back 18

yellow marrow

Front 19

The marrow cavity in the shaft of a long bone;hollow contains no bone tissue

Back 19

medullary cavity

Front 20

An opening in the compact bone tat allows for the passage of nutrient artery and nutrient vein

Back 20

nutrient foreman

Front 21

An artery of variable origin that supplies the medullary cavity of a long bone

Back 21

nutrient artery

Front 22

formation of bone in the emryonic development is called?

Back 22

osteogenesis

Front 23

Flat bones if the skull, the clavicle and mandible are formed by a method called?

Back 23

intramembranous osteogenesis

Front 24

If the connective tissue precursor is in the form of cartilage , the formation of bone is called?

Back 24

endochondral osteogenesis

Front 25

Collagen fibers of the matrix are arranged irregularly in the form of interlacing networks

Back 25

woven bone

Front 26

The thin plate of cartilage between the epiphysis and the metaphysis of a growing long bone.

Back 26

epiphyseal plate

Front 27

Composed of collegen and anchor the periosteum to the underlying bone.

Back 27

Sharpey's fibers

Front 28

By the time of maturity, the epiphyseal plate has become fully calcified to form the metaphysis. At this point no further ______________ of the bone is possible.

Back 28

lengthening

Front 29

In adults, bone mass is maintained by a balance between _______________ and ________________ .

Back 29

deposition;dissolution

Front 30

Giant migrating cells that crawl across periosteal and endosteal surfaces, releasing enzymes and acid that dissolve bone; cause cell breakdown

Back 30

osteoclasts

Front 31

A polypeptide hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that promotes growth of the body, especially by stimulating release of somatomedin, and that influences the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

Back 31

growth hormone (hGH)

Front 32

Necessary for calcium uptake from the diet, thus an adequate amount is necessary for bone growth and maintenance of of bone mass after maturity

Back 32

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (Vit D)

Front 33

A hormone that is made by the parathyroid gland and that is critical to calcium balance, also stimulates retention of Calcium by the kidneys

Back 33

parathormone (PTH)

Front 34

Thyroid secretion that acts to protect against increase in plasma Calcium by stimulating bone formation

Back 34

calcitonin

Front 35

Stimulate bone growth, contributing to the growth spurt of puberty;also responsible for changes between male and female bone structure after puberty

Back 35

sex hormones (estrogen;testosterone)

Front 36

Articular surfaces can be easily defines as ?

Back 36

joints

Front 37

A shallow depression;the term fovea is also used for such features

Back 37

fossa

Front 38

Small articular surface or site of attachment of a tendon or ligament

Back 38

facet

Front 39

rounded articular surface that forms part of a sliding joint

Back 39

condyle

Front 40

raised area of a condyle, typically the site of attachment of ligaments for that joint

Back 40

epicondyle

Front 41

Grooved articular surface that has the appearance of a pulley

Back 41

trochlea

Front 42

proximal end of a long bone in which the metaphysis and epiphysis are expanded to increase the size of the articular surface

Back 42

Head

Front 43

Literally means "little hammer" the distal end of the tibia and fibula such projections that articulate with the talus of the foot to form the ankle bone

Back 43

malleolus

Front 44

A distinct projection from the bone surface.

Back 44

process

Front 45

Pointed process

Back 45

spine

Front 46

elongated line or ridge

Back 46

crest

Front 47

small/large rounded process, typically a site of attachment for a tendon or ligament;greater and lesser trochanters

Back 47

tubercle/tuberosity

Front 48

hook shaped process

Back 48

hamulus

Front 49

horn shaped process

Back 49

cornu

Front 50

Wing shaped process

Back 50

ala

Front 51

Round or oval opening allowing passage of nerves and blood
vessels.

Back 51

foreman

Front 52

Narrow slit like opening

Back 52

fissure

Front 53

Groove or trench in which nerves, blood vessels or tendons lie

Back 53

sulcus

Front 54

Tubular passage containing soft tissue

Back 54

meatus

Front 55

Refers to cavity filled with air, and lined with mucus membrane(found only in the skull)

Back 55

sinus

Front 56

Tough flexible connective tissue;lacks blood and lymphatic vessels

Back 56

cartilage

Front 57

Lays down cartilage.

Back 57

chondroblasts

Front 58

Chondroblasts entrapped in cavities (lacunae) in the tissue they
have created in a manner reminiscent of the entrapment of
osteoblasts in growing bone.

Back 58

chondrocytes

Front 59

A membranous capsule that surrounds most cartilaginous
structures.

Back 59

perichondrium

Front 60

Wing shaped process

Back 60

ala

Front 61

Round or oval opening allowing passage of nerves and blood
vessels.

Back 61

foreman

Front 62

Narrow slit like opening

Back 62

fissure

Front 63

Groove or trench in which nerves, blood vessels or tendons lie

Back 63

sulcus

Front 64

Tubular passage containing soft tissue

Back 64

meatus

Front 65

Refers to cavity filled with air, and lined with mucus membrane(found only in the skull)

Back 65

sinus

Front 66

Tough flexible connective tissue;lacks blood and lymphatic vessels

Back 66

cartilage

Front 67

Lays down cartilage.

Back 67

chondroblasts

Front 68

Chondroblasts entrapped in cavities (lacunae) in the tissue they
have created in a manner reminiscent of the entrapment of
osteoblasts in growing bone.

Back 68

chondrocytes

Front 69

A membranous capsule that surrounds most cartilaginous
structures.

Back 69

perichondrium

Front 70

Name 3 types of cartilage.

Back 70

hyaline;fibrous;elastic

Front 71

A glassy, translucent material that forms the bearing surfaces of
joints between long bones and makes up the costal cartilages of
the ribs. It supports the flexible portion of the nose and forms the
cartilaginous rings of the trachea.

Back 71

hyaline cartilage

Front 72

Makes up the intervertebral discs that separate vertebrae of the
spinal column and forms a shock-absorbing pad that protects the
knee joint.(meniscus)

Back 72

fibrous cartilage

Front 73

Contains elastin fibers as well as collagen fibers, making it
stretchier than other types of cartilage. This is the material that
gives the skin and lung wall their elasticity.

Back 73

elastic cartilage

Front 74

Junctions between bones in the skeleton

Back 74

joints

Front 75

A joint that is immobile.

Back 75

synarthrotic joint

Front 76

Joints that are slightly flexible.

Back 76

amphiarthrotic joint

Front 77

Joints that are freely flexible.

Back 77

diarthrotic joint

Front 78

Structurally joints can be categorized as?

Back 78

fibrous;cartilaginous or synovial

Front 79

The bones are bound tightly together;these joints are generally
synarthrotic.

Back 79

fibrous joints

Front 80

A link of cartilage connects the bones.

Back 80

cartilaginous joints

Front 81

A cartilaginous joint cavity formed at the ends of the jointed
bones.

Back 81

synovial joints

Front 82

Formed by the extension of the periosteum of the two jointed
bones, surrounding a cartilaginous joint cavity. Within the
capsule is a synovial membrane, containing a small amount of
synovial fluid;amphiarthrotic joints

Back 82

articular capsule

Front 83

Within the capsule is a ____________, containing a small amount of synovial fluid;bursa;diarthrotic joints

Back 83

synovial membrane

Front 84

Types of Synovial Joints

Back 84

Plane;Hinge;Pivot;Condyloid;Saddle;ball and Socket

Front 85

The articular surfaces are flat planes. Only short gliding
movements are possible, and neither bone can rotate around its
axis.

Back 85

Plane Joint

Front 86

A round end of one bone fits into a ring formed by an encircling
ligament on the end of the other bone, allowing the first bone to
rotate around its long axis.

Back 86

pivot joint

Front 87

The jointed articular surfaces fit together like a rider and saddle,
allowing the same range of motion as condyloid joints but with
more protection against lateral forces.

Back 87

saddle joints

Front 88

The characteristic feature is an articular surface shaped like a
trough into which a mating cylindrical surface fits. This allows
movement like that of a swinging door. Examples: elbow, ankle,
knee.

Back 88

hinge joint

Front 89

An egg-shaped articular surface on one bone fits into an oval
concavity in the mating bone, allowing both side-to-side and
back-and-forth movement planes but not rotation. Examples: the
knuckles, wrist.

Back 89

condyloid joint

Front 90

A spherical head fits into a corresponding socket, giving
universal movement, including axial rotation. Examples: the
shoulder and hip.

Back 90

ball-and-socket
joint

Front 91

List Cranial bones

Back 91

Frontal;Parietal;Temporal;Occipital:Sphenoid:Ethmoid

Front 92

An immovable joint.

Back 92

suture

Front 93

Suture that joins frontal to parietal

Back 93

coronal suture

Front 94

Suture that joins parietal to parietal

Back 94

Sagittal suture

Front 95

Suture that joins temporals to parietals

Back 95

Squamosal suture

Front 96

Suture that joins occipital to parietals

Back 96

Lambdoidal suture

Front 97

Suture that joins occipital to temporals

Back 97

Occiptomastoid suture

Front 98

The point at which the coronal suture unites with the sagittal
suture.

Back 98

bregma

Front 99

The point at which the coronal suture unites with the sagittal suture is the region of the anterior fontanel, one of two “soft spots” in infants.

Back 99

anterior fontanel

Front 100

Exists at the juncture of lambdoidal and sagittal sutures; within
two years after birth this fontanel closes to form the lambda.

Back 100

posterior fontanel

Front 101

At the juncture of lambdoidal and sagittal sutures, formed when
this fontanel closes within two years after birth.

Back 101

lambda

Front 102

The facial skeleton consist of __________ bones.

Back 102

fifteen (15)

Front 103

Forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place.

Back 103

mandible

Front 104

Articulates with all the facial bones-from upper jaw and central part of face

Back 104

maxilla

Front 105

Forms posterior part of hard palate and nasal cavity

Back 105

palatine

Front 106

Lacrimal groove carries lacrimal duct to drain tears from orbit to nasal cavity.

Back 106

lacrimal

Front 107

forms bridge of nose and attachment points for nasal cartilages

Back 107

Nasal

Front 108

Articulate with zygomatic processes of temporal bones to form zygomatic arch

Back 108

Zygomatic

Front 109

Contribute to complex surface of nasal cavity

Back 109

Inferior nasal concha (conchae)

Front 110

Forms inferior part of nasal septum.

Back 110

Vomer

Front 111

Supports the tongue-no articulations to other facial bones

Back 111

Hyoid

Front 112

the adult vertebral column consist of ____________ vertebrae.

Back 112

twenty-six (26)

Front 113

Cushions consisting of a rather tough outer annulus fibrosus surrounding a softer nucleus pulposus that separates the twenty-six vertebrae in the adult vertebral column.

Back 113

intervertebral disc

Front 114

In the adult vertebral column, the outer tough part of the intervertebral discs.

Back 114

annulus fibrosus

Front 115

Within the intervertebral discs, the soft interior surrounded by a tough outer annulus fibrosus.

Back 115

nucleus pulposus

Front 116

A feature common to all vertebrae, a depression in which the intervertebral disc rests.

Back 116

centrum

Front 117

Project posteriorley from the centrum and support the two superior and two inferior articular processes, points of contact between adjacent vertebrae.

Back 117

bilateral pedicles

Front 118

Points of contact between adjacent vertebrae.

Back 118

articular processes

Front 119

Extends toward the midline from each articular process, forming a roof over the vertebral foramen, the opening through which the spinal cord passes.

Back 119

lamina

Front 120

Bilateral branches of the spinal cord that pass in the spaces between the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae.

Back 120

spinal nerves

Front 121

The vertebral column is divided into 5 regions, which are?

Back 121

Cevical;Thoracic;Lumbar;Sacral;Coccygeal

Front 122

Articulates with the occipital condyles and permits head movement in the saggital plane.

Back 122

C1 (cervical 1)

Front 123

Allows side to side rotation of the head

Back 123

C2 (cervical 2) Axis

Front 124

Serve as the joint surfaces for the heads of ribs.

Back 124

superior facets

Front 125

A cartilaginous synarthrotic joint, the breastbone.

Back 125

sternum

Front 126

Located on the rib in the inferior inner surface that carries a costal
nerve and blood vessels.

Back 126

costal groove

Front 127

Three pairs of false ribs that articulate to the next superior rib through costal cartilages.

Back 127

vertebrochondral ribs

Front 128

The sternum consist of 3 sections called?

Back 128

Manubrium;Body;Xiphoid Process

Front 129

Located in the center of the superior edge of the manubrium section of the sternum.

Back 129

jugular notch

Front 130

Joins the medial end of the clavicle.

Back 130

clavicular notch

Front 131

A ridge that marks the hinge joint between the manubrium and the body

Back 131

sternal angle

Front 132

Part of the sternum, located between the body and xiphoid
process.

Back 132

xiphisternal joint

Front 133

One of distinguishing features is the side-to-side dimension of body is larger than anterior-posterior dimension; transverse foramina are present in the transverse processes.

Back 133

cervical vertebrae

Front 134

Vertebrae that are jointed to the ribs.

Back 134

thoracic vertebrae

Front 135

The five sturdy and massive vertebrae in the vertebral column that receive the most stress. The large muscles of the back attach to them.

Back 135

lumbar vertebrae T

Front 136

Allow the passage of sacral spinal nerves.

Back 136

sacral foramina

Front 137

Formed by fused vertebral spines.

Back 137

sacral crest

Front 138

The lamina of the fifth sacral vertebra ordinarily do not fuse so that the sacral canal ends in an opening, on the inferoanterior surface of the sacrum.

Back 138

sacral hiatus

Front 139

Small triangular bone composed of three to five fused vertebrae

Back 139

coccyx

Front 140

Consists of the limb bones and their girdles.

Back 140

appendicular skeleton

Front 141

A complete girdle that consists of the sacrum and a pair of coxal bones.

Back 141

pelvic girdle

Front 142

An incomplete circle of bones that consists of the clavicles or
collarbones and scapulae or shoulder blades.

Back 142

pectoral girdle

Front 143

Armpit.

Back 143

axilla

Front 144

The joint with the humerus of the arm.

Back 144

glenoid cavity

Front 145

The posterior surface of the scapula bears a prominent spine that widens at its lateral end to form an articulation with the clavicle.

Back 145

acromion

Front 146

Projects anteriorly from the superior scapular border. This is the
attachment of the biceps muscle and for ligaments that bind the
clavicle to the scapula.

Back 146

coracoid process

Front 147

An attachment site for the deltoid muscle of the shoulder.

Back 147

deltoid tuberosity

Front 148

One of two condyles at the distal end of the humerus that articulates with the radius.

Back 148

capitulum

Front 149

Serves as attachment site for ligaments and muscles

Back 149

medial/lateral epicondyle

Front 150

A flat ligament that binds the radius and the ulna.

Back 150

interosseous membrane

Front 151

The radius and ulna are bound together by a flat ligament, the
interosseous membrane, which forms a freely movable ____________.

Back 151

syndesmosis

Front 152

Bones of the wrist

Back 152

carpal bones

Front 153

Bones of the palm

Back 153

metacarpal

Front 154

Bones of the fingers

Back 154

phalanges (phalanx)

Front 155

A complete girdle that consists of the sacrum and a pair of coxal
bones.

Back 155

pelvic girdle

Front 156

Within the pelvic girdle, consists of an inferior body and a superior ala.

Back 156

ilium

Front 157

Consists of a heavy body and a lighter ramus that, anteriorly, joins the pubis.

Back 157

ischium

Front 158

At the point of the fusion of three the ilium, ischium, and pubis in which a deep socket articulates with the head of the femur.

Back 158

acetabulum

Front 159

An amphiarthrotic cartilaginous joint.

Back 159

pubic symphysis

Front 160

The ilium consist of an inferior body and a ______________.

Back 160

superior ala

Front 161

Within the pelvic girdle, the superior margin of the ala.

Back 161

iliac crest

Front 162

In the ilium, a deep notch through which the sciatic nerve passes from the sacral spinal cord to the thigh.

Back 162

greater sciatic notch

Front 163

Consists of a heavy body and a lighter ramus that, anteriorly,
joins the pubis.

Back 163

ischium

Front 164

The ischium consists of a heavy body and a lighter ramus that,
anteriorly, joins the pubis.

Back 164

ramus

Front 165

Bears the weight of the sitting body.

Back 165

ischial tuberosity

Front 166

A landmark of the ischium.

Back 166

lesser sciatic notch

Front 167

An attachment site for a ligament that runs from ischium to
sacrum.

Back 167

ischial spine

Front 168

The anterior border of the pubis.

Back 168

pubic crest

Front 169

A ridge of bone that runs from the pubic crest across the medial
face of the ilium to the sacrum.

Back 169

pelvic brim

Front 170

A large opening in the space between the pubis and the ischium, closed by a fibrous membrane.

Back 170

obturator foramen

Front 171

Connect the medial meniscus with the medial epicondyle.

Back 171

cruciate ligaments

Front 172

Found on the anterior surface of the tibia just inferior to the condyles, the point of attachment of the patellar tendon.

Back 172

tibial tuberosity

Front 173

Forms the medial bulge of the ankle.

Back 173

medial malleolus

Front 174

Forms the lateral bulge of the ankle.

Back 174

lateral malleolus

Front 175

The bones of the foot are:

Back 175

tarsals, metatarsals;phalanges

Front 176

A tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula.

Back 176

talus

Front 177

Tarsal bone that forms the heel.

Back 177

calcaneus