A&p Test #2 (Muscles, Glaucoma, Lens, Cataracts)

Front 1

Medial rectus

Back 1

Moves eye inward, 3rd cranial nerve

Front 2

Lateral rectus

Back 2

Moves eye outward, 6th cranial nerve (abducens)

Front 3

Superior oblique

Back 3

Down and out, 4th cranial nerve (trochlear)

Front 4

Inferior oblique

Back 4

Up and out, 3rd cranial nerve (occulomotor)

Front 5

Superior rectus

Back 5

Up and in, 3rd cranial nerve

Front 6

Inferior rectus

Back 6

Down and in, 3rd cranial nerve

Front 7

Innervation

Back 7

Muscles contract/relax only when receiving nerve impulses

Front 8

Yoke muscles

Back 8

Muscles that work together. Ex: medial and lateral rectus muscles when looking to the side

Front 9

Herings law

Back 9

Yoke muscles. Agonist- primary mover muscle

Front 10

Sherringtons law

Back 10

One muscle contracts, and the adjoining one of the same eye can relax.

Front 11

Versions

Back 11

Both eyes turning in unison. Dextro- right, laevo- left

Front 12

Conjugate movements

Back 12

Eyes moving together. Ex. moving both eyes left then right

Front 13

Eccentric fixation

Back 13

Look to the side of an object to see it, due to blind spot. Many mac degen patients do this

Front 14

Insertion and origin

Back 14

Insertion- where the muscle attaches to the eyeball.

Origin- where the muscle attaches to the bone at back of orbit.

Front 15

Annulus of Zinn

Back 15

Ring of fibrous tissue at back of orbit surrounding optic nerve. Muscle origins here (all but io)

Front 16

Motility

Back 16

The study of extraocular muscles and their effects on eye movements. These occur in def. planes.

Front 17

Depressors

Back 17

Muscles that move eye downwards. Superior oblique, inferior rectus

Front 18

Elevators

Back 18

Muscles that move the eye upwards. Superior rectus, inferior oblique

Front 19

Ductions

Back 19

Rotation of globe. One eye only. (ex, abduction)

Front 20

Torsion

Back 20

Rotation of eye around ant/post axis so one of both eyes is tilted (extortion, intortion)

Front 21

Pursuit movements

Back 21

Eyes move smoothly when following object

Front 22

Saccadic movements

Back 22

Jumpy/shifty eye movements. To look at multiple objects in sequence

Front 23

Wall eyes

Back 23

Opposite of cross eyes. Divergent strabismus: one or both eyes turn out

Front 24

Normal range of IOP

Back 24

11-21 mm. of Hg

Front 25

The optic nerve in glaucoma and cupping

Back 25

Excess pressure pushes against optic nerve. Optical cupping- pressure causes disc to cave in

Front 26

Primary open angle glaucoma

Back 26

Most common, no symptoms, starts at peripherals. Blocked outflow or overproduction. Drugs or surgery. Related to age, obesity, type 2 diabetes, women

Front 27

Angle closure glaucoma

Back 27

Acute GL, chamber angle blocked, needs surgery. Symptoms- headache, pain, nausea... related to age, women, heredity, asians, shallow chamber

Front 28

Normal tension glaucoma

Back 28

Pressures are in normal range, optic nerve damage. Related to japanese, heart disease, age, women

Front 29

Secondary Glaucoma

Back 29

Injury, tumor, drugs, after surgery. Open (mild) or closed (severe) angle

Front 30

Secondary GL and Trabeculars

Back 30

Pre-trabecular: trabeculum covered by membrane.

Trabecular: clogging from pigment, blood cells, protein.

Post-trabecular: aqueous outflow impaired

Front 31

Traumatic glaucoma

Back 31

Sign of damage to anterior cil body, secondary to trabecular damage

Front 32

Congenital glaucoma

Back 32

Maldeveloped trabeculum

Front 33

Pigmentary glaucoma

Back 33

Iris pigment clogs chamber angle

Front 34

Pediatric glaucoma

Back 34

Congenital appears at birth, infantile during first 3 years, juvenile 3- teens

Front 35

Fundus

Back 35

Optic disc

Front 36

Applanation

Back 36

Measuring IOP by depressing cornea

Front 37

Indentation

Back 37

Measuring IOP by pressing against very small area of cornea

Front 38

Pneumotinometry

Back 38

Puff of air on eye to test how much comes back

Front 39

Schiotz tonometer

Back 39

Most accurate, rare today, weighted compress onto cornea

Front 40

Evaluating chamber angle

Back 40

Gonioscope lens has mirrors in it to see angle

Front 41

Scotomas

Back 41

Blind spots (in measuring visual field)

Front 42

Glaucoma and peripheral vision

Back 42

Peripheral vision is usually the first to go because GL inhibits blood flow far enough to reach peripheral retina

Front 43

Heidelberg retina tomograph

Back 43

Scans, records, and saves retinal images. Laser scanning

Front 44

GDx scanning laser pilarimetry

Back 44

Discriminates between healthy and GL eye, tracks changes over time, predicts visual field loss

Front 45

GL surgery

Back 45

Iridotomy, iridectomy, trabeculoplasty (laser vs. filtration surgery)

Front 46

Miotics and beta blockers

Back 46

Beta blockers: decrease production of aqueous.

Miotics: decrease pupil size, increase aqueous drainage.

Front 47

Parts of lens

Back 47

Capsule, cortex, nucleus

Front 48

Punctum remotum vs proximum

Back 48

Far point vs. Near point

Front 49

Presbyopia

Back 49

Farsightedness caused by diminished elasticity of lens

Front 50

Surgery for presbyopia

Back 50

Enlarge space around lens, allows muscles to pull on the zonules and return focusing power

Front 51

How cataracts form

Back 51

Transparency lost when arrangement of fibers (lens made of water and protein fibers) is disturbed. Usually not painful. Can form in any part of lens. Can be congenital.

Front 52

Hypermature cataract

Back 52

Totally white, can cause acute glaucoma

Front 53

Phakic, aphakic, pseudophakic

Back 53

Phakic- natural lens, aphakic- no lens at all, pseudophakic- fake lens

Front 54

Refraction and cataracts

Back 54

Refraction can test if you need glasses or if blurring is for another reason

Front 55

Slit lamp exam

Back 55

Eye structure magnified and illuminated, viewed in small sections

Front 56

Nonsurgical treatment of cataracts

Back 56

Good lighting, accurate prescription, sunglasses to reduce glare, limit night driving

Front 57

Phacoemulsification

Back 57

Cataract surgery to put fake lens in eye

Front 58

YAG laser capsulotomy

Back 58

Posterior subcapsular opacity (secondary cataract), yag laser cut small holes in capsule