A&p Test 2 - Immunology

Front 1

T cells and B cells are formed in _________ as "virgin" cells. What does this mean?

Back 1

Red Bone Marrow, they are unable to respond to antigen/provide defense

Front 2

T CELLS receive stimulation by?

Back 2

Hormones in the Thymus.

Front 3

B CELL stimulation takes place where?

Back 3

In the bone marrow

Front 4

Both T cells and B cells must exhibit what two qualities and what does each mean?

Back 4

Self Tolerance - not reacting to host body cells, Immune Competence - the ability to respond appropriately to an antigen

Front 5

What happens to B and T cells that fail to exhibit self tolerance and immune competence?

Back 5

They are destroyed

Front 6

In order to have functional T and B cells, the process of exhibiting the two qualities and being stimulated appropriately must take place to have functional T and B cells T/F

Back 6

T

Front 7

What does it mean if a child is born athymic? What are the consequences of this?

Back 7

They are born without a functional Thymus. They are very immune suppressed and lack and T cell function, and show similar symptoms of AIDS patients.

Front 8

What are the two types of T cells?

Back 8

Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells

Front 9

Provide cytokine stimulation for all aspects of immunity (innate and adaptive) and are ESSENTIAL for immunity

Back 9

Helper T cell

Front 10

DIRECTLY KILL target cells (virus-infected) with LYMPHOTOXINS and PERFORINS

Back 10

Cytotoxic T cells

Front 11

In order to function, Cytotoxic T cells require what in order to function?

Back 11

Stimulatory cytokines from activated helper T cells.

Front 12

HIV infects what type of cell?

Back 12

Helper T cells

Front 13

Numbers of what type of cell are markers for immune system health or failure?

Back 13

Helper T cells

Front 14

Helper T cells do/do not directly kill targets? Cytotoxic T cells?

Back 14

Helper T cells do not directly kill targets. Cytotoxic T cells do directly kill targets.

Front 15

Cytotoxic T cells directly kill target cells using what?

Back 15

Lymphotoxins and Perforins

Front 16

Contains several subclasses; each secretes different "cytokine profile" depending on type of pathogen present. Ex- Viral infection --> different cytokines needed to stimulate different immune system cells than if it were bacterial.

Back 16

Helper T cells

Front 17

The innate defenses secrete particular cytokines (based on the type of infectious agent) to stimulate the production of the appropriate subclass of _________

Back 17

Helper T cells

Front 18

An antigen must be presented to a helper T cell embedded in ______________ in order for them to be activated and begin cytokine stimulation of other defenses.

Back 18

MHC Class II proteins

Front 19

An antigen must be presented to Cytotoxic T cells embedded in _______ in oder for them to be activated.

Back 19

MHC Class I proteins

Front 20

Only ___________ have MHC Class II proteins, so they're the only cells that can present antigen to Helper T cells.

Back 20

Immune system cells

Front 21

Antigens embedded in MHC Class II proteins are antigens picked up by ________ from __________

Back 21

APC's from extracellular environments.

Front 22

Name the Antigen Presenting Cells (APC's) capable of presenting antigen to T helper cells.

Back 22

Dendritic cells, Macrophages, B Cells

Front 23

The APC's are/are not killed

Back 23

are not

Front 24

What is the message from the APC's to the helper T cells?

Back 24

This is the bad guy! Call the troops!

Front 25

The antigens presented to Cytotoxic T cells are antigens actually made within what? Give example.

Back 25

The presenting cell; Antigens from intracellular pathogens infecting a body cell.

Front 26

CTL's can bind to MHC Class II proteins T/F? Explain

Back 26

F, Only immune system cells can bind to MHC Class II proteins.

Front 27

Body cells infected with viruses or other internal pathogens present antigen to what?

Back 27

Cytotoxic T cells

Front 28

________ can bind receptors directly to antigen, but require _____________ from T cells for full activation

Back 28

B cells, secreted cytokines

Front 29

B Cells present antigen embedded in ________ to _______.

Back 29

MHC Class II proteins to helper T cells.

Front 30

B cells can't produce antibodies T/F? Explain

Back 30

F, can produce antibodies in small amounts

Front 31

After activation, some B cell clones will grow into? Then what happens?

Back 31

Plasma cells; Produce antibodies by the thousands.

Front 32

The B cell clones turned Plasma cells produce which antibodies first? Second?

Back 32

IgM, IgG

Front 33

How long does it take to achieve full antibody production the first time a B cell meets an antigen?

Back 33

Days to a couple of weeks

Front 34

For T and B Cells, we have numerous, _______ populations of each type with receptors capable of binding a _______

Back 34

small, single antigen

Front 35

When a B or T cell encounters the antigen to which it's receptors can bind, it becomes?

Back 35

Sensitized

Front 36

If activated helper T cells are secreting stimulatory cytokines in the area, the sensitized B and T cells undergo ______ (_____) to produce many _______ bearing the __________ for antigen.

Back 36

If activated helper T cells are secreting stimulatory cytokines in the area, the sensitized B and T cells undergo MITOSIS (CLONING) to produce many DAUGHTER CELLS bearing the SAME RECEPTORS for antigen.

Front 37

Some B and T cell CLONES will participate in the current infection while others migrate to ____________ to become "_________" held in reserved for future encounters with the same pathogen.

Back 37

Some B and T cell CLONES will participate in the current infection while others migrate to LYMPHOID TISSUES to become "MEMORY CELLS" held in reserve for future encounters with the same pathogen.

Front 38

Memory clones can quickly divide to produce additional clones should the same pathogen infect again T/F

Back 38

T