Ap Test 2 Chapter 6

Front 1

Functions of the skeletal system

Back 1

movement

protection

mineral homeostasis

blood cell production

storage

support

Front 2

Support

Back 2

provides structural support for the entire body

Front 3

movement

Back 3

skeletal muscle attached to bones and pulls on it when the bones contract

Front 4

protection

Back 4

surrounds soft tissue; skull protects the brain

Front 5

mineral homeostasis

Back 5

stores calcium and phosphorous which are released into the blood when needed

Front 6

blood cell production

Back 6

red bone marrow produces RBCs and WBCs

Front 7

Storage

Back 7

red marrow is responsible for hemotopoiesis

yellow marrow stores fat

Front 8

importance of collagen and minerals in the bone

Back 8

bone is made up of a mixture of collagen and a mineral called hydroxyappetite that work together to form the structure, flexibility, and strength of the bone

Front 9

bone shapes

Back 9

long, short, flat, irregular

Front 10

What are Long bones; examples

Back 10

considerably longer than they are wide; femur, tibia, fibula

Front 11

Short bones and examples

Back 11

roughly cubed shaped; bones of the wrist and ankle

Front 12

Flat bones and examples

Back 12

thin, flattened, usually a bit curved; sternum and scapulae

Front 13

Irregular bones

Back 13

complicated shaped; vertebrae and hip bones

Front 14

layers of bone

Back 14

compact bone

spongy bone

Front 15

compact bone

Back 15

external layer

Front 16

spongy bone

Back 16

internal; honey-comb of smell needle-like or flat pieced called trabecule that contain osteocytes; filled with marrow

Front 17

Division of the human skeleton

Back 17

axial

appendicular

Front 18

Axial skeleton

Back 18

long axis of the body and includes skull, vertebral column, and rib cage; protect, support, and carry other bones

Front 19

appendicular skeleton

Back 19

bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton; help us move

Front 20

structure of a long bone

Back 20

Diaphysis - long axis

Epiphysis - end of bone

Membranes - periosteum and endosteum

Front 21

periosteum

endosteum

Back 21

covers the external surface of the bone

covers the internal surface of the bone

Front 22

appositional growth

Back 22

growth accomplished by the additional of new layers onto those previously formed

Front 23

endochondrial ossification (steps)

Back 23

bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage

1. bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model

2. cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities

3. periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms

4. diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms

5. epiphyses ossify

Front 24

intramembranous ossification

Back 24

forms the cranial bones of the skull and the clavicles

Front 25

epiphyseal plate

Back 25

hyaline cartilage plate at each long end of the bone; responsible for longitudinal bone growth

Front 26

epiphyseal line

Back 26

part of the bone that replaces the epiphyseal growth plate in long bones once an adult has reached peak growth

Front 27

ossification

Back 27

formation of bone

Front 28

2 types of ossifcation

Back 28

intramenbranous and endochondrial

Front 29

what bones are made in endochondial ossification?

Back 29

all bones below the base of the skull except clavicles

Front 30

steps of intramembranous ossification

Back 30

1. ossification centers appear in the fibrous CT membrane

2. osteoid is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcifies

3. woven bone and periosteum form

4. lamellar bone replaces woven bone and red marrow appears

Front 31

depressions and openings in bones

Back 31

sinus

canal

foramen

fissure

protuberance

Front 32

sinus

Back 32

cavity filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

Front 33

fissure

Back 33

narrow, slit-like opening

Front 34

foramen

Back 34

round opening through a bone

Front 35

Examples of elevations or depressions

Back 35

Crest ( narrow ridge)

Fossa ( shallow, basin-like depression)

Front 36

Sites of muscle and ligament attachment

Back 36

Tuburcle

Head

Sulcus

Condyle - rounded

Fossa

Tuberosity - large rounded projection

Front 37

surface features of bones depend on

Back 37

function, location, attachment to ligaments or penetration of blood vessels and nerves

Front 38

Types of bone cells

Back 38

osteocytes

osteoblast

osteogenic cells

osteoclast

Front 39

Osteocytes

Back 39

maintain bone tissue

Front 40

Osteoblast

Back 40

Forms bone matrix; become osteocytes

Front 41

Osteogenic cell

Back 41

Stem cell; develop into osteoblasts

Front 42

Osteoclast

Back 42

Resorbs bone; develop from monocytes and macrophages

Front 43

Paget's disease

Back 43

characterized by porous and curved bones

Front 44

Where do blood vessels and nerves enter the bone?

Back 44

through the nutrient foramen

Front 45

Types of fracture

Back 45

closed - doesn't penetrate the skin

open - penetrates the skin

transverse - break straight across

spiral - caused by a twist force

comminuted - 3 or more pieces

impacted - fragments are pushed together

greensick - incomplete break

Front 46

Stages in fracture repair

Back 46

1. hematoma forms @ fracture site

2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms

3. bony callus forms

4. bone remodeling

Front 47

bone remodeling

Back 47

begins during bony callus formation and continues for months; excess material on the diaphysis is removed and compact bone is laid down to reconstruct the shaft walls

Front 48

The body regulates calcium homeostasis with 2 pathways:

Back 48

1. one is signaled to turn on when blood calcium levels drop below normal

2. one is the pathway that is signaled to turn on when they are elevated