A&p Test 1

Front 1

1. Define anatomy and physiology

Back 1

Anatomy- the study of body parts
Physiology- the study of the functions of the body parts

Front 2

2. List, define, and describe the levels of structural organization.

Back 2

*Chemical Level-simplest- contains chemical substances made up of atoms
*Cellular level-basic unit of a&p and life
*Tissue level-groups of similar cells that perform specific function
*Organ level-groups of 2 or more types of tissues working together
*Organ system level-groups of organs that work closely together
*Organismal level-highest level, maintain homeostasis

Front 3

3. List the four types of tissues and their functions

Back 3

*Epithelial-protection, secretion, and excretion
*Connective- protection, support, and attaching organs and tissues to each other and to the walls of body cavities(tendons, ligaments)
*Muscle- movement of body parts and organs and substances throughout the body
*Nervous-transmitting electrical or nerve impulses

Front 4

4. List the organ systems, their components and functions

Back 4

*Integumentary
*Muscular
*Skeletal
*Nervous
*Endocrine
*Cardiovascular
*Lymphatic
*Respiratory
*Digestive
*Urinary
*Reproductive

Front 5

5. Define homeostasis

Back 5

Maintain an internal environment that is fairly constant, stable, or balanced

Front 6

6. List the components that body structures and organs need to function efficiently and maintain homeostasis.

Back 6

Water
Oxygen
Nutrients
Body Temperature
Atmospheric pressure

Front 7

7. List and describe the control mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis.

Back 7

*Receptor-Responds to sensory stimuli
Sent along afferent(take to) pathways to the control center
*Control Center-Brain and spinal cord
Info sent along efferent(take away) pathways to effector
*Effector-Tissues, organs, glands perform motor response
Feedback mechanism
response slows down= NFM (-)
response speeds up=PFM (+)

Front 8

8. State and define the type of major feedback mechanism involved in homeostasis control mechanisms.

Back 8

Homeostasis in the human body are mostly Negative feedback mechanisms

Front 9

9. Define matter, element, atom.

Back 9

*Matter- Solid, liquid, gases
*Element- substance that cant be broken down or converted into other substances by ordinary chemical reactions
*Atom- Smallest unit or particle having the same chemical and physical properties of an element

Front 10

10. List the four elements that make up 96% of all living matter

Back 10

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

Front 11

11. List the two parts of an atom and the subatomic particles and their charges in each part

Back 11

*Nucleus
-Protons (+)
-Neutrons (-)
*Orbitals and Energy Levels
-Electron (-)

Front 12

12. Define atomic number, mass number, isotope, orbital, energy level.

Back 12

*Atomic Number-the # of protons in the nucleus
*Mass Number-the # of protons plus the numbers of neutrons in the nucleus
*Isotope-Atoms of an element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
*Orbital-pathway an electrons follows as it moves around the nucleus (max 2 electrons)
*Energy level-surrounding the nucleus

Front 13

13. State which energy level has the least and greatest amount of energy.

Back 13

1st energy level has the least energy
As energy levels are farther from the nucleus the amount of energy increases (3rd outward)

Front 14

14. List the maximum number of electrons and orbitals found in each energy level.

Back 14

*1st Level
-Max of 2 Electrons, 1 Orbital
*2nd Level
-Max 8 Electrons, 4 Orbitals
*3rd Level
8+ Electrons

Front 15

15. Define valence electrons

Back 15

Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom

Front 16

16. List and define the four types of chemical bonds.

Back 16

*Covalent-Strongest
-pair of electrons is equally shared between atoms
*Polar Covalent- fairly strong
-electrons are unequally shared between atoms
*Ionic- Fairly strong except in water
-formed when electrons are gained and lost
*Hydrogen- Weakest
-form between polar molecules

Front 17

17. State which type of bonds are the strongest, weakest, and which are found in most biological molecules.

Back 17

*Covalent-Strongest
*Polar Covalent- Fairly Strong
*Ionic- Fairly strong except in water
*Hydrogen- weakest, found in most biological molecules

Front 18

18. Distinguish which type of bond is represented in a diagram

Back 18

Hydrogen

Front 19

19. Define ion, anion, cation, chemical reaction, reactants, products

Back 19

*Ion-gain or lost of electrons that forms charged atoms
*Anion-the atom that gains electrons becomes negatively charged
*Cation-the atoms that loses the electrons becomes positively charged
*Chemical reaction-making, breaking, and rearranging of chemical bonds to form new substances
*Reactants-starting substances (left side equation)
*Products- Ending substances (right side equation)

Front 20

20. List and define the three types of chemical reactions

Back 20

*Synthesis- atoms or small simple molecules combine to form larger more complex molecules and energy is stored.
A+B -->AB
*Decomposition- Broken down to small simpler molecules. Energy is released
AB--> A+B
*Exchange or Displacement- 2 or more molecules are broken down and recombine
AB +CD--> AC + BD

Front 21

21. State the type of metabolism and energy relationships in synthesis and decomposition reactions

Back 21

Metabolism- Anabolism
Energy- Endergonic

Front 22

22. Define oxidation and reduction

Back 22

Oxidation-loss of electrons
Reduction- Gain of electrons

Front 23

23. State the characteristics of inorganic compounds and give examples

Back 23

Small simple substances, usually held together with ionic bonds, usually do not contain carbon
Ex. water, acids, bases, buffers, and salts

Front 24

24. List and describe the properties of water and their importance to life

Back 24

*Solvent- dissolves many substances
*High specific heat-large amount of energy must be absorbed to raise the temperature
-large amount of heat energy must be lost to lower the temperature of water
*High heat of vaporization- as water vaporizes it evaporates and heat is removed from the surface
*Reactivity-catabolic reactions require water, anabolic reactions release water
*Cushioning- prevents physical trauma to cells, tissues, and organs

Front 25

25. Define acid, base, salt, electrolyte, buffer

Back 25

*Acid- dissociates in water to form a Hydrogen bond (H+) and an anion (-)
*Base- dissociates in water to form a hydroxyl ion (OH-) and a cation (+)
*Salt-acid and base combine
*Electrolyte-ions that are electrically charged particles that can conduct an electrical current
*Buffer-substances which keep the pH within a certain range in order to maintain homeostasis

Front 26

26. Describe pH in reference to hydrogen ion (H+) concentration, of acids, bases, and neutral solutions.

Back 26

*Neutral pH of 7
H+ and OH- concentrations are equal
*Acid pH below 7
-concentration changes by 10x with each #
(ex pH od 5 is 100 acidic than 7)

Front 27

27. State the characteristics of organic compounds and give examples

Back 27

Large complex molecules held together by covalent bonds always contain carbon
Ex: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, DNA

Front 28

28. Describe the structures of hydrocarbon chains.

Back 28

Long chains and bonded to the carbon atoms are hydrogen atoms

Front 29

29. Define functional group and give examples

Back 29

Bonding of molecules when organic compounds are formed
hydroxyl OH
carboxyl COOH
phosphate PO4
amino NH2

Front 30

30. What are carbohydrates composed of and what is the ratio and generalized formula for monosaccharaides

Back 30

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
1C: 2H: 1O

Front 31

31. List the three classes of carbohydrates and give examples of each

Back 31

*Monosaccharides- "simple sugars"
glucose, fructose
*Disaccharides-"double sugars"
sucrose, maltose, lactose
*Polysaccharides "many sugars"
starch, glycogen

Front 32

32. Define isomer

Back 32

Substances which have the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms

Front 33

33. Define dehydration synthesis or condensation and hydrolysis.

Back 33

Dehydration synthesis-Removes water
Hydrolysis- split or break down water

Front 34

34. Describe the structure of starch and glycogen.

Back 34

*Starch- long coiled, unbranched or branched chain of glucose molecules
*Glycogen-similar to starch but more extensively branched

Front 35

35. What are lipids composed of and how do they differ in the amount of oxygen compared to carbohydrates

Back 35

Composed of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Have less oxygen in proportion to carbon and hydrogen then found in carbohydrates

Front 36

36. List the functions of lipids

Back 36

Protect
Support
Insulate organs and tissues

Front 37

37. List and describe the three groups of lipids

Back 37

*Neutral fat-composed of glycerol and fatty acids
-3 carbon atoms
*Phospholipids-important component of plasma membrane
-Negatively charged
*Steroids- 4 fused rings pf carbon items

Front 38

38. What are the functional groups involved in forming neutral fats.

Back 38

Glycerol OH
Fatty acids COOH

Front 39

39. Define triglycerides

Back 39

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids bond together

Front 40

40. Describe the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

Back 40

* Saturated fatty acids- animal fats and usually solid at room temp
contain the max # of H atoms bonded to the C atoms *Unsaturated fatty acids- contain 1 or more double covalent bonds
plant oils and usually liquid at room temperature

Front 41

41. Define hydrophobic and hydrophilic.

Back 41

Hydrophobic- water fearing
Hydrophilic- water loving

Front 42

42. What are proteins composed of and what are the structural units?

Back 42

Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and sometimes Sulfur
Structural units-Amino Acids

Front 43

43. List the functions of proteins and give examples of each

Back 43

*Structural support-keratin(hair, skin), collagen and elastin(skin,tendons, ligaments
*Storage- Albumin, (eggs)
*Transport of other substances- hemoglobin
*Coordinatin of bodily activities- Hormones
*Movement-Actin, myosin
*Defense-antibodies
*Aid in chemical reactions- enzymes

Front 44

44. State what amino acids are composed of and how they differ from each other.

Back 44

Composed of carbon atom covalently bonded to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms
-Only differ in their R group

Front 45

45. State the type of bond formed between amino acids and the functional groups involved.

Back 45

peptide bonds

Front 46

46. List and describe the four levels of protein organization or conformation

Back 46

*Primary-chain of amino acids in a specific sequence
*Secondary-twists, coils, or folds. held together by hydrogen bonds between the peptide bonds. found in fibrous protein
*Tertiary-form ball shaped mass called a globular protein
*Quaternary- most complex

Front 47

47. Define enzyme, substrate, energy of activation, induced fit, cofactor, coenzyme

Back 47

Enzyme-