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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What percentage of bone matrix is water?
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15%
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What percentage of bone matrix is collagen?
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30%
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What percentage of bone matrix is crystallized mineral salts?
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55%
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Name the three main components of bone matrix
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collagen, crystallized mineral salts, water
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What are the main components of the crystallized mineral salts in bone matrix?
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calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate. Also in the bone matrix are Mg, F, S04 and K
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Name the four types of bone cells
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Osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells
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Where are osteogenic cells found?
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inner periosteum, endosteum and haversian canals
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What is the function of osteocytes?
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Maintain metabolism - exchange of nutrients and wastes with blood
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When does ossification start in the human body?
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Around 6 weeks
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What are the two types of bone development?
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Intramembranous and Endochondral (more common)
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What are the four stages of intermembranous ossification?
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Development of ossification centre
calcification formation of trabeculate development of periosteum |
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What are the six stages of endochondral ossification?
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development of cartilage model
growth of cartilage model development of primary ossification centre development of medullary cavity development of secondary ossification centre formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate |
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Name the various components of osteons
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central (haversian) canal, lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi. Blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels penetrate though perforating or volkmann's canals.
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Flat bones, short bones and irregular bones are mostly formed of which type of bone?
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spongy
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How many bones in the axial and appendicular portion of the body?
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80- axial
126- appendicular |
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Name a couple of functions of sesamoid bones
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protect tendon, increase mechanical effect of tendon
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Which hormones stimulate or regulate growth and from which gland do they originate?
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hGH - pituitary
t3, t4, calcitonin - thyroid PTH - parathyroid testosterone, estrogen - testes, ovaries, adrenal glands |
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What protein promotes growth in childhood? What does this protein do? Where is it produced?
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Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs)
promotes osteoblast function, cell division and enhances the synthesis of new proteins produced in response to hGH in the liver and bone tissues |
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What hormones promote bone growth in childhood?
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Insulin (promotes protein synthesis)
T3 and T4 |
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What are the two criteria for classifying joints?
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1. presence of space between joints
2. the type of connective tissue that holds the bones together |
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Name the joint types
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Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
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What are the three types of fibrous joints? Give an example of each
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Sutures - skull joints
syndesmones - gomphosis interosseus membranes - between ulna and radius |
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Name the two types of cartilaginous joints and give an example of each.
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Synchondroses (hyaline cartilage, no movement) - epiphyseal plates
Symphyses - pubic symphysis |
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What are the components of a synovial joint?
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Articular cartilage (reduce friction, absorb shock), articular capsule (forms ligaments), synovial membrane
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Name the classifications of synovial joints and give an example of each
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Planar (navicular-lateral cuneiform), saddle (carpal-metacarpal of thumb), ball-and-socket (ishial-femoral), pivot (atlanto-axial), hinge (humero-ulnar), condyloid (radio-carpal)
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What are the determinants of joint range of motion
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structure and shape of articulating surfaces
strength and tension of ligaments arrangement and tension of muscles contact of soft parts hormones amount of use |
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What are the types of fractures?
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Colles (distal end of radius)
Pott (distal end of fibula) comminuted impacted greenstick open (compound) stress |
