A&p Respiratory

Front 1

List the Parts of the Nose

Back 1

1. Septum
2. Right and Left Cavities
3. Palatene bones
4. floor of the nose
5. Roof of the mouth
6. Superior
7. Middle
8. Inferior Meati
9. Ethmoid Bones
10. Aterior nares
11. Vestibule
12. Posterior nares (choanae)
13. Superior meatus
14. Ciiated mucous membranes

Front 2

Where do the four fairs of sinuses drain?

Back 2

Into the nose

Front 3

The paranasal sinuses are the:

Back 3

frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal.

Front 4

The paranasal sinuses drain by:

Back 4

1. Frontal, maxillary, and anterior ethmoidal sinuses into the middle meatus.
2. The posterior ethmoidal sinuses into the superior meatus
3. The sphenoidal sinuses into the space above the superior turbinates

Front 5

List the Functions of the Nose

Back 5

a. Passageway for air going to and from the lungs
b. filters air of impurities
c. moistens air-warms air and "checks" it for harmful chemicals
d. organ of smell (olfactory receptors in the nasal mucosa)
e. aids in phonation

Front 6

Pharynx-throat:
Parts:
(willl be a 6x total Q)

Back 6

1. nasopharynx
2. oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx

Front 7

Pharynx-throat:
Location:

Nasopharynx:

Back 7

Behind the nose and extending from the posterior nares to the level of the soft palate

Front 8

Pharynx-throat:
Loaction:

Oropharynx:

Back 8

located behind the mouth from the soft palate above to the level of the hyoid bone below

Front 9

Pharynz-throat:
Location:

Laryngopharynx:

Back 9

extends from the hyoid bone to the exophagus

Front 10

Pharynx Structure

Back 10

tube like, 12.5 cm that emtends from the base of the skill to the esophagus and lies just anterior to the cervical vertebrae.
Muscle lined with mucous membrane.

Front 11

7 openings found in the pharynx:
What and where?

Back 11

1. R & L auditory (eustachian) tubes open into nasopharynx
2. 2 posterior nares open into the nasopharynx
3. The opening from the mouth, called FAUCES, opens into oropharynx.
4. Opening into the larynx from the laryngopharynx.
5. Opening into the esophagus from the laryngopharynx

Front 12

Cartilage of the Larynx

Back 12

1. Thyriod
2. epiglottis
3. cricoid or signet ring cartilage
4. two aryteniod cartilages
5. two corniculate cartilages
6. two cuniform cartilage

Front 13

Function of the larynx

Back 13

1. in respiration
2. protects the airway against entrance of solids of liquid during swallowing
3. organ of voice production

Front 14

List Bronchi: (10x)

Back 14

1. Nose
2. Pharynx
3. Larynx
4. Thachea
5. two primary bronchi
6. secondary bronchi
7. bronchioles
8. alveolar ducts
9. alveolar sacs
10. alveoli

Front 15

In reguards to the alveolar duct, what is important to function?

Back 15

On the alveolar duct, alveolar sac and alveoli level, the walls consist of a single layer of simple, squamous epithelial tissue.

Front 16

How many alveoli present in our 2 lungs?

Back 16

300 million alveoli present in our two lungs

Front 17

What is the hilum?

Back 17

The primary bronchi and pulmonary blood vessels (root of lung) enter each lung through a slit on its medial suface---hilum.

Front 18

Base

Back 18

The broad inferior surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.

Front 19

Where is the apex?

Back 19

The pointed upper margin

Front 20

What are the visceral pleura?

Back 20

cover the outer sufaces of the lungs and adheres to them much as the skin of an apple adheres to an apple.

Front 21

7 openings found in the pharynx:
What and where?

Back 21

1. R & L auditory (eustachian) tubes open into nasopharynx
2. 2 posterior nares open into the nasopharynx
3. The opening from the mouth, called FAUCES, opens into oropharynx.
4. Opening into the larynx from the laryngopharynx.
5. Opening into the esophagus from the laryngopharynx

Front 22

Cartilage of the Larynx

Back 22

1. Thyriod
2. epiglottis
3. cricoid or signet ring cartilage
4. two aryteniod cartilages
5. two corniculate cartilages
6. two cuniform cartilage

Front 23

Function of the larynx

Back 23

1. in respiration
2. protects the airway against entrance of solids of liquid during swallowing
3. organ of voice production

Front 24

List Bronchi: (10x)

Back 24

1. Nose
2. Pharynx
3. Larynx
4. Thachea
5. two primary bronchi
6. secondary bronchi
7. bronchioles
8. alveolar ducts
9. alveolar sacs
10. alveoli

Front 25

In reguards to the alveolar duct, what is important to function?

Back 25

On the alveolar duct, alveolar sac and alveoli level, the walls consist of a single layer of simple, squamous epithelial tissue.

Front 26

How many alveoli present in our 2 lungs?

Back 26

300 million alveoli present in our two lungs

Front 27

What is the hilum?

Back 27

The primary bronchi and pulmonary blood vessels (root of lung) enter each lung through a slit on its medial suface---hilum.

Front 28

Base

Back 28

The broad inferior surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.

Front 29

Where is the apex?

Back 29

The pointed upper margin

Front 30

What are the visceral pleura?

Back 30

cover the outer sufaces of the lungs and adheres to them much as the skin of an apple adheres to an apple.

Front 31

Functions of the lungs

Back 31

Air distribution
gas exchange

Front 32

Surface area of alveoli

Back 32

70 square meters or 40x surface area of entire body

Front 33

Oxygen and CO2 diffuse where?

Back 33

Oxygen into the blood.
CO2 into the lungs.

Front 34

Define Pulmonary ventilation

Back 34

a technical term for what most of us call breathing

Front 35

Inspiration (4 steps)

Back 35

1. Diaphragm contracts and descends making the thoracic cavity longer
2. Contraction of the intercostal muscles pulls the anterior end of each rib up and out.
3. Inspiration elevates the sternum and enlarges the thorax from the front to thr back and from side to side
4. As the size of the thorax increases, the intrapleural (intrathoracic) and intrapulmonic pressures decrease and inspiration occurs.

Front 36

Volumes of air exchanges in pulmonary ventilation:

___measures volumes of air exchanges in breathing

Back 36

spirometer

Front 37

4 volume measurements

Back 37

1. tidal volume
2. expiratory reserve volume
3. inspiratory reserve volume
4. residual volume

Front 38

Tidal Volume

Back 38

volume exhaled after a normal inspiration

=500ml

Front 39

Expiratory Reserve volume

Back 39

largest additional voume forcibly expired after expiring the TV
=1000-1200ml for an adult

Front 40

Inspiratiry Reserve Volume

Back 40

the amount of air forcibly inspired over and above a normal inspiration
=3000-3300ml

Front 41

Residual Volume

Back 41

air that remains in the lings after a forced expiration
=1200ml

Front 42

Total Volume

Back 42

5700-6200ml
(RV+ERV+TV+IRV)

Front 43

Partial minimal volume:

Back 43

In pneumothorax, not all the RV is removed from the lungs.
Volume that remains PMV and it is 40% of the RV.

Front 44

Vital Capacity

Back 44

is the sum of (IRV+TV+ERV) and represents the largest volume of air an individual can move in and out of his lungs.
range 57---6200

Front 45

Vital Capacity depends on (5x)

Back 45

1. Size of ones thoracic cavity
2. ones posture and various other factors
3. Volume of blood in lungs-encroaches on alveolar space
4. excess fluid in the pleural or abdominal cavities decreases VC
5. emphysema decreases VC-with em. the alveolar walls become stretched and lose elasticity

Front 46

Inspiratory Capacity

Back 46

IC=TV+IRV

Front 47

Functional Residual Capacity

Back 47

amount of air left in lungs after normal expiration

Front 48

Alveolar Ventilation

Back 48

volume of air that reaches the alveoli

Front 49

"dead air"

Back 49

air in other passages that is not involved in exchange

Anatomical dead space

Front 50

Types of breathing

Back 50

1. Eupena
2. Hyperpnea
3. Apnea
4. Apneusis
5. Cheyne-Stokes respiration
6. Biots respiration

Front 51

Eupena

Back 51

normal quiet breathing

Front 52

Hyperpnea

Back 52

increased breathing, usually increasing TV with or without an increased rate of breathing

Front 53

Apnea

Back 53

cessation of breathing at the end of a normal expiration

Front 54

Apneusis

Back 54

cessation of breathing in the inspiratory position

Front 55

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

Back 55

gradually increasing TV for several breaths, followed by several breaths with gradually decreasing TV. cycle repeats

Front 56

Biots Respiration

Back 56

repeated sequences of deep gasps and apnea

Front 57

Daltons Law of Partial Pressure

Back 57

PT=PN2 + PCO2 + PO2 + PAr
78% .04% 20.96% .9%

Front 58

PO2 of alveolar, arterial, and venous air

Back 58

Alveolar (100mmHg)
Arterial (100mmHg)
Venous (37mmHg)

Front 59

Exchange of gas in lungs:

Back 59

external respirations

Front 60

Amount of O2 that diffues into the blood each minute depends on: (4x)

Back 60

1. oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar air and capillary blood
2. total functional surface area of alveolar-capillary muscle
3. respiratory minute volume
4. alveolar ventilation

Front 61

Structural Facts that facilitate oxygen diffusion from alveolar air into the blood of lung capillaries

Back 61

1. wall of the alveoli & capillaries together form a very thin barrier for the gases to cross (4micrometers)
2. alveolar and capillary surfaces are extremely large
3. lung cap accommodate a large amount of blood at one time (90ml)
4, blood is distributed through the capillaries in a thin layer so each corpuscle comes close to alveolar air

Front 62

How blood carries O2?

Back 62

As dissolved solute
and as oxyhemoglobin

Front 63

List:
CO2 is carried in blood

Back 63

1. as solute
2. as bicarbonate ions
3. carbamino hemoglobin

Front 64

List:
Results of O2 diffusion ot of blood and CO2 into blood

Back 64

1. PO2 decreases as blood moved through tiesure capillaries; arterial P02 100mmHg becomes venous 40 mmHg
2. PCO2 blood increases; arterial PCO2 40 mm becomes venous PCO2 46mmHg
3.. Oxygen dissociation form hemoglobin and CO2 association with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin both accelerated by decreasing PO2 and increasing PCO2

Front 65

Regulation of Respirations:
List

Back 65

1. CO2 major regulator of respirations
2. O2 content of blood influences respiratory center
3. Hering-Breur mechanism
4. Pnaumotaxic center acts with Hering-Breur reflexes to product rhythimic respirations
5. Cerebral cortex impulses to respiratory centers provide voluntary control, within limits, of rate and depth of respirations

Front 66

Structural Facts that facilitate oxygen diffusion from alveolar air into the blood of lung capillaries

Back 66

1. wall of the alveoli & capillaries together form a very thin barrier for the gases to cross (4micrometers)
2. alveolar and capillary surfaces are extremely large
3. lung cap accommodate a large amount of blood at one time (90ml)
4, blood is distributed through the capillaries in a thin layer so each corpuscle comes close to alveolar air

Front 67

How blood carries O2?

Back 67

As dissolved solute
and as oxyhemoglobin

Front 68

List:
CO2 is carried in blood

Back 68

1. as solute
2. as bicarbonate ions
3. carbamino hemoglobin

Front 69

List:
Results of O2 diffusion ot of blood and CO2 into blood

Back 69

1. PO2 decreases as blood moved through tiesure capillaries; arterial P02 100mmHg becomes venous 40 mmHg
2. PCO2 blood increases; arterial PCO2 40 mm becomes venous PCO2 46mmHg
3.. Oxygen dissociation form hemoglobin and CO2 association with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin both accelerated by decreasing PO2 and increasing PCO2

Front 70

Regulation of Respirations:
List

Back 70

1. CO2 major regulator of respirations
2. O2 content of blood influences respiratory center
3. Hering-Breur mechanism
4. Pnaumotaxic center acts with Hering-Breur reflexes to product rhythimic respirations
5. Cerebral cortex impulses to respiratory centers provide voluntary control, within limits, of rate and depth of respirations