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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Digestion of Carbs?
Where |
begins in mouth, then St,
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Digestion of protein?
where |
Begins in St, then to SI
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St cells?
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1-mucous cells
2-chief cells 3-parietal cells 4-g cells |
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mucous cells secret?
effect? |
mucus for lubrication and protection
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chief cells secret?
effect? |
pepsinogen for digestion of protein
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parietal cells secret?
effect? |
hydrochloride acid (HCI) which converts pepsinogen into pepsin. Pepsin increases vit. b12 absorption.
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G cells secret?
effect? |
Gastrin, which increases gastric juice secretion. Increases motility of GI tract
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Which digestive organ has both endocrine and exocrine fx's?
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-St
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St. and absorption?
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little occurs
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Main place of digestion?
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SI
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Salivary amylase?
Source substrate product |
-carb
-salivary gland -starches, glycogen, dextrins -maltose, maltotriose, dextrins |
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Pancreatic amylase?
Source substrate product |
-carb
-pancreas -starches, glycogen, dextrins -maltose, maltotriose, dextrins |
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maltase?
Source substrate product |
-carb
-SI -maltose -glucose |
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sucrase?
Source substrate product |
-carb
-SI -Sucrose -glucose and sucrose |
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lactase?
Source substrate product |
-carb
-SI -lactose -glucose and galactose |
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pepsin?
Source substrate product |
-protein
-St. -proteins -peptides |
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trypsin?
Source substrate product |
-protein
-Pancreas -proteins -peptides |
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chymotrypsin?
Source substrate product |
-protein
-Pancreas -proteins -peptides |
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Carboxypeptidase?
Source substrate product |
-protein
-pancreas -last AA (carboxyl) end of peptide -peptides and AA |
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peptidase?
Source substrate product |
-protein
-SI -last AA, end of peptides & dipetides -peptides and AA |
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Pancreatic lipase?
source substrate product |
-lipid
-Pancreas -triglycerides that have been emulsified by bile salts -fatty acids and monoglycerides |
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ribonulease?
source substrate product |
-nucleases
-pancreas & SI -ribonucleic acid nucleotides -pentoses and nitrogenous bases |
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deoxyribonuclease?
source substrate product |
-nucleases
-pancreas and SI -deosyribonucleic acid nucleotides -pentoses and nitrogenous bases |
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digestive organs that absorb?
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90% SI
10% St and LI |
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Digestive organs that does not digestion?
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LI
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vitamins produced by LI?
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-vit. k
-b complex vits |
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fx of liver?
8 |
1. manufacture of bile
2. carbohydrate metabolism 3. protein metabolism 4. lipid metabolism 5. detoxification 6. excretion of bilirubin 7. storage of vit. and min. 8. activation of vit. d |
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Which digestive organ has both endocrine and exocrine fxs?
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stomach
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peptic ulcer disease causes?
3 |
-shi gastric acid
-infection of helicobacter pylori -NSAID's |
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peptic ulcer disease s/s?
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epigastric pain, distention, bleching, sour regurgitation, dyspepsia
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peptic ulcer disease complications?
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hemorrage, perforation, obstruction, carcinoma
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Hepatitis A?
virus transmission prognosis vaccine |
-HAV
-fecal/oral -no chronic or carrier state -yes |
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Hepatitis B?
transmission prognosis vaccine |
-HBV
-parenteral route (bld, sex, viral) -5-10% cases turn chronic -yes |
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Hepatitis C?
transmission prognosis vaccine |
-HCV
-parenteral route -45% turn chronic -no |
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Hepatitis D?
transmission prognosis vaccine |
-HDV
-parenteral, in US drug abusers -severe and chronic -no |
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Hepatitis E?
transmission prognosis vaccine |
-HEV
-fecal/oral -very few in the US |
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Fat soluble vitamins?
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A, D, E, K-stored in cells, esp. liver
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water soluble vitamins?
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B, C-must be taken with food. not stored in body
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vit. A xu?
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night blindness
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vit. D xu?
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rickets
osteomalacia |
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vit. E xu?
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hemolytic anemia
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vit. K xu?
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delayed clotting time during bleeding
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vit. B1 xu?
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beriberi
polyneuritis |
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vit. B2 xu?
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ariboflavinosis-skin and tongue disorders/lesions, ect.
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vit. B3 xu?
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pellagra-dermatitis, diarrhea, shen disturbances
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vit. B6 xu?
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dermatitis of eyes, nose and mouth
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vit. B12 and folate xu?
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macrocytic anemia
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vit. C xu?
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scurvy, anemia, poor wound healing
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Vit. D overdose?
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hypercalcemia
kidney stone |
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vit. E overdose?
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prolonged clotting time and bleeding tendency
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1 gram protein=calories?
1 gram carb=calories? 1 gram fat=calories? |
p-4 C
c-4 C f-9 C |
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Which vit.s have antioxidant effects?
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C, E, B-caroten
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Free radical damage?
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cell menbranes
form atherosclerotic plaques |
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HDL?
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removes shi cholesterol from body cells
-can prevent atherosclerosis |
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obesity?
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20% and more above ideal body weight
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BMI?
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above 27.4 women
above 27.8 men is overweight-determines obesity |
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Ideal body weight?
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-over 10% of ideal body weight is overweight
-20% and more above ideal body weight |
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BMI formula?
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1-weight/2.2 lbs=weight in (kg)
2-height (inches)x2.54, then move . over 2 spaces to the left, then square=height (m2) 3-weight (kg)/height (m2)=BMI |
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Ideal body weight formula?
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1-height (inches)x2.54=height (cm)
2-height (cm) -100=IBW (kg) |
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1 inch=cm?
1 kg=lbs? |
-2.54 cm
-2.2 lbs |
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Intracellular fluid (ICF)?
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in the cell body, makes up 2/3 of body fluid
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Extracellular fluid (ECF)?
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all body flds outside the cells-includes lymph, cerebrospinal fld, synovial, ect.
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main electrolytes in ECF?
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Na, Cl
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main electrolytes in ICF?
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K
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Normal bld ph?
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7.35-7.45
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buffer system?
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substances that prevent sharp changes in acid-base balance and maintain a realtivley constant ph.
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Protein buffer system?
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hemoglobin, albumin are good buffers
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carbonic acid(H2CO3) and bicarbonate(HCO3) buffer system?
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they are weak acid and weak base buffer system. if the bld ph decreases HCO3 can remove the shi H, if the bld ph increases H2CO3 can provide and H
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Phosphate(H2PO4 &HPO3) buffer system?
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weak acid and weak base buffer system
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acidosis?
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bld ph is below 7.35
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metabolic acidosis?
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caused by overproduction of acids-diabetic ketoacidosis, chronic renal failure
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respiratory acidosis?
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results from respiratory disorders-respiratory failure and chronic restrictive lung disese
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alkalosis?
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bld ph is higher 7.45
-affects the nervous system, pts have fast deep respiration, depression, lethargy, coma, death |
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respiratory alkalosis?
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caused by hyperventilation-severe anxiety, hysteria
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metabolic alkalosis?
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can be caused by severe vomiting, ingestion of excessive amount of sodium bicarbonate(antacids)
-affects the nervous system, nervousness, muscle spasms, convulsions, death |
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Glomerular?
What can and can not be filtered? |
1st step in urine production
-water and most solutes can pass -bld cells and large molecules, like protein can not |
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Tubular reabsorption?
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2nd step in urine production
-99% of water and substances are reabsorbed by rental tubes -the rest is eliminated daily |
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Tubular secretion?
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3nd step in urine production
-some substances, like K& H are actively moved from bld into nephrons. |
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Urine concentration?
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4nd step in urine production
-filtered fld passes through helens loop , DCT and connecting duct, water is then returned to bld |
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Volume of urine in 24hrs?
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-excretion about 1,000-2,000ml/24hrs
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polyuria?
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above 2,500ml/24hrs
-seen in diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus |
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oliguria?
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below 500ml/24hrs
-seen in acute and chronic renal failure, obstruction of urinary tract |
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hormone that controls volume of urine?
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ADH
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renal tube sections?
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include-proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), henle's loop, distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct
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Glomerular fx?
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flds and solutes smaller than certain size filter through filtration membranes (endothelium & podocytes) of capillary walls by pressure.
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renal tubes?
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reabsorb substances like nutrients and return them to bld circulation
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endocrine hormones secreted by the kidneys?
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calcitriol, erythropoieten (EPO), renin-stimulates angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAA)
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Serum Creatinine (SCR)?
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-less than 1.5 mg/ml renal failure
-high amount in serum is bad |
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Creatinine clearance (CCR)?
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-about 100ml/mm represents renal failure
-low volume in serum and urine is bad |
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UTI?
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caused by bacteria-ecoli
-urine can be red |
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Dysfunction of reabsorption?
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may cause renal tube disease
-polyuria, phosphours, AA, glucose, ect, in urine |
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disfunction of renal tubes?
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-chronic renal failure (CRF)
-edema, metabolic acidosis, anemia, hypertension, nausea, ht failure, pulmonary edema, pericarditis, pleuritis, renal osteodystrophy, dementia or coma |
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Acid base of CRF?
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metabolic acidosis
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Causes of CRF?
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-39.2% systemic disease or diabetes
-28.2% hypertension/large vessel disease -11.0% glomerulonephritis |
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male sex hormones and from where?
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ant. pituitary
FSH-spermatoza LH-testosterone |
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ovaries hormones?
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estrogen, progesterone
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testosterone fx?
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-maintainace of reproductive system (develpment of spermatoza)
-develpment of 2nd sex characteristics (deeper voice, more body hair, ect) |
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prostate gland?
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single gland
inf. to the ub. ducts carry secretions into the urethra |
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bulouretheral (cowpers) glands?
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pair of glands located below prostate. secret mucus to lubricate urethra and tip of penis
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prostate cancer risks?
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-most common cancer men over 50
-age, high level of androgen, high fat diet, AA, + family history |
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prostate cancer ss?
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dysuria, urinary retention/incontinence, hematuria, bone pain from metastic disease
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menstrual phase?
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-day 1-5
-if no fert. corpus lutuem degenerate w/out sex hormone support -bleeding occurs |
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preovulatory phase?
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-day 6-13
-a follicle develops, estrogen secretion, uterine endometrium is stimulated -neg. post. feedback of estrogen -FSH decreases, LH increases |
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postovulatory phase?
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-day 15-28
-corpus luteum formation -progesterone, estrogen increase, stimulating endometrium & neg. feedback -FSH, LH decrease -ovum journey |
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ovulation day?
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-day 14
-sharp rise in LH causes ovulation |
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hormone replacement therapy?
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-estrogen, progesterone
-birth control & premenopausal -tx osteoporosis, reduce risk for heart attack -risks are uterine/breast cancer |
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breast cancer?
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-older age 40-60, + family history, early mearche, late menopause, first term preg. after 30, nulliparity, use of estrogen
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human chorionic gonadotopin (hCG)?
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hormone which detects pregnancy as early as 8 days after fert. in urine
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oxytocin and childbirth?
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can stimulate the uterine muscle contractions, begin the process of labor
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fetal circulation fx?
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-allow exchange of materials between mom & fetus
-bypass the non-functional lungs |
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fetal circulation umbilical arteries?
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-bld returns to placenta via umbilical arteries
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congenital heart disease?
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foreman ovale & ductus arteriosu don't adapt at birth to incorporate the lungs
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fetal circulation umbilical vein?
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-bld comes form placenta to fetus via umbilical vein
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fetal circulation ductus venosu?
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-bld joins the inf. vena cava by ductus venosu
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fetal circulation Foramen ovale?
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-bld flows from R atrium to L through a hole Foramen ovale
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fetal circulation ductus arteriosus?
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-bld goes directly into ciruclaltion through ductus arteriosus, which connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta
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lactation hormones?
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prolactin
oxytocin |
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sex chromosomes?
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female-xx
male-xy |
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down syndrome?
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-chromosome disease
the result of an extra chromosome per cell. abnormality arises during formation of a sex cell |
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hemophilia?
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-monogenetic disease
-xu of specific clotting factor -sex linked trait, usually male |
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polygenetic disease?
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hypertension, diabetes mellitus
-both polygenetic and environmental factors |
