Ap Psychology Unit 6 Vocab

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience

Front 2

Classical Conditioning

Back 2

learning which takes place when two or more stimuli are presented together; unconditioned stimulus is paired repeatedly with a neutral stimulus until it elicits a similar response

Front 3

Stimulus

Back 3

a change in the environment that elicits a response

Front 4

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Back 4

stimulus that initially does not elicit a response

Front 5

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Back 5

reflexively, or automatically, brings about the unconditioned response

Front 6

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Back 6

an automatic, involuntary reaction to an unconditioned stimulus

Front 7

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 7

a neutral stimulus at first, but when paired with the UCS, elicits the conditioned response

Front 8

Aquisition

Back 8

in classical conditioning, learning to give a known response to a new stimulus, the neutral stimulus

Front 9

Delayed Conditioning

Back 9

ideal training; NS precedes UCS with a little pause

Front 10

Simultaneous Conditioning

Back 10

NS and UCS paired at the same time

Front 11

Trace Conditioning

Back 11

NS presented first, removed, then the UCS is presented

Front 12

Backward Conditioning

Back 12

UCS presented first then NS follows

Front 13

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Back 13

an intense dislike and avoidance of a food because of its association with an unpleasant or painful stimulus through backward conditioning

Front 14

Temporal Conditioning

Back 14

time serves as the NS

Front 15

Extinction

Back 15

repeatedly presenting a CS without a UCS leads to return of NS

Front 16

Spontaneous recovery

Back 16

after extinction, and without training, the previous CS suddenly elicits the CR again temporarily

Front 17

Generalization

Back 17

stimuli similar to the CS also elicit the Cr without training

Front 18

Discrimination

Back 18

the ability to tell the difference between stimuli so that only the CS elicits the CR

Front 19

Higher-order conditioning

Back 19

classical conditioning in which a well-learned CS is paired with an NS to produce a CR to the NS

Front 20

Aversive conditioning

Back 20

learning involving an unpleasant or harmful stimulus or reinforcer

Front 21

Instrumental learning

Back 21

associative learning in which a behavior becomes more or les sprobable depending on its conseuences

Front 22

Law of Effect

Back 22

behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened

Front 23

Operant conditioning

Back 23

learning that occurs when an active learner performs certain voluntary behavior and the consequences of the behavior determine the likelihood of its recurrence

Front 24

Positive reinforcement

Back 24

a rewarding consequence that follows a voluntary behavior thereby increasing the probability the behavior will be repeated

Front 25

Primary reinforcer

Back 25

something that is biologically important and, thus, rewarding

Front 26

Secondary reinforcer

Back 26

something rewarding because it is associated with a primary reinforcer

Front 27

Generalized reinforcer

Back 27

secondary reinforcer associated with a number of different primary reinforcers

Front 28

Premack principle

Back 28

a more probable behavior can be used as a reinforcer for a less probable one

Front 29

Negative reinforcement

Back 29

removal of an aversive consequence that follows a voluntary behavior thereby increasing the probability the behavior will be repeated; two types are escape and avoidance

Front 30

Punishment

Back 30

an aversive consequence that follows a voluntary behavior thereby decreasing the probability the behavior will be repeated

Front 31

Omission training

Back 31

removal of a rewarding consequence that follows a voluntary behavior thereby decreasing the probability the behavior will be repeated

Front 32

Shaping

Back 32

positively reinforcing close and closer approximations of a desired behavior to teach a new behavior

Front 33

Reinforcement schedule

Back 33

states how and when reinforcers will be given to the learner

Front 34

Continuous reinforcement

Back 34

schedule that provides reinforcement following the particular behavior every time it is emitted; best for acquisition of new behavior

Front 35

Partial reinforcement/ Intermittent schedule

Back 35

occasional reinforcement of a particular behavior; produces responding that is more resistant to extinction

Front 36

Fixed ratio

Back 36

reinforcement of a particular behavior after a specific number of responses

Front 37

Fixed interval

Back 37

reinforcement of the first particular response made after a specific length of time

Front 38

Variable ratio

Back 38

reinforcement of a particular behavior after a number of responses that changes at random around an average number

Front 39

variable interval

Back 39

reinforcement of the first particular response made after a length of time that changes at random around an average time period

Front 40

Behavior modification

Back 40

a field that applies the behavioral approach scientifically to solve problems

Front 41

Token economy

Back 41

operant training system that uses secondary reinforcers to increase appropriate behavior; learners can exchange secondary reinfrocers

Front 42

Biological Preparedness

Back 42

predisposition to easily learn behaviors related to survival of the species

Front 43

Instinctive drift

Back 43

a conditioned response that moves toward the natural behavior of the organism

Front 44

Contiguity

Back 44

theory that classical conditioning is based on the association in time of the CS prior to the UCS

Front 45

Contingency

Back 45

theory says that the key to classical conditioning is how well the CS predicts the appearance of the UCS

Front 46

Latent learning

Back 46

learning in the absence of rewards

Front 47

insight

Back 47

the sudden appearance of the answer or solution to a problem

Front 48

Observational learning

Back 48

learning that occurs by watching the behavior of a model