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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
aphasia
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impairment of language, especially to the Broca's area (impair speaking) or Wernicke's area (impair understanding) in the left hemisphere
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hemisperectomy
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When 1/2 the brain is removed or disabled
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nuerons
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basically nerve cells; though there are different types, they follow the same principles
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dendrite
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bushy tentacle like things which receive info on one end of the cell
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axon
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long cable like things which pass messages to other neurons or to muscles or glands
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myelin sheath
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fatty tissue which guards the axon; effects of degeneration seen in multiple sclerosis, when the muscle movement is uncontrollable
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action potential
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brief electrical change which travels down an axon
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resting potential
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more negative ions inside than outside, normal state
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selectively permeable
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the way the axon surface is
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neuron firing
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the axon opens its gates like man hole covers flipping open, and ions coming in. this action potential goes through the axon
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synapse
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junction of an axon and dendrite
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ACh
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Acetylcholine: muscle action, learning, memory. It's affected in those with Alzheimers
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dopamine
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movement, learning, attention, emotion. Too much linked to schizophrenia, without, Parkinson's
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serotonin
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mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. too little - depression. Prozac raises serotonin level
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Norepinephrine
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alertness and arousal. Too little - depress mood
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endorphins
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natural opiates to alleviate pain
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nervous system
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body's chemical information network
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central nervous system
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brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
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links CNS to other receptors, muscles, and glands
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nerves
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axons carrying PNS information
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somatic nervous system
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voluntary control of skeletal muscles
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autonomic nervous system
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auto pilot for the nervous system. it controls glands and the muscles to internal organs. it can be consciously overriden
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autonomic nervous system contains
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sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system |
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sympathetic NS vs parasympathetic NS
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para- calms
normal - excites |
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nuerotransmitters
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excite or inhibit a nueron
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hormones
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originate in one tissue, travel through bloodstream, and affect other tissues, including the brain (affect interest in food, aggression)
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epinephrine
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adrenaline
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norepinephrine
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noradrenaline
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adrenal glands
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on top of the kidneys
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pituitary gland
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a gland in the core of the brain, controlled by the HYPOTHALAMUS, and it releases hormones which influences growth
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EEG
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see brain waves
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animal's capabilities
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can be seen through complexity of brain structure
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brain stem
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oldest, innermost region
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medulla
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start of the brain stem. controls heartbeat, and breathing
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reticular formation
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between ears, finger shaped network of neurons. it controls stimulation (being awake, etc)
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thalamus
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receives info from all senses except smell and routs it to the appropriate brain regions. it's a switchboard which also sends things to the medulla and cerebellum
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cerebellum
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helps in some learning and memory. help judge time, modulate emotions, and discriminate sounds and textures. help keep balance, all unconscious brain
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limbic system
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"limbus" = border of brain older parts
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hippocampus
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processes memory. without it, you can't store new memory. it's strandlike, and donut shaped. imagine a campus for hippos
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amygdala
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influences aggression and fear. if stimulated in animals, makes them ferocious. w/o, mellow. Humans - varied, and devastating results. located atthe base of the hippocampus
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hypothalamus
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below the thalamus. it performs bodily maintainence duties: thirst, body temp, behavior. It monitors blood chemistry, and takes orders from other parts of the brain. also has reward centers
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cerebral cortex
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thin surface layer on cerebral hemisphere
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glial cells
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"glue cells"...there are 9 times as many of these as nuerons
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assosiation areas
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things not connected to an observable response, or receive input 3/4s of the brain
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frontal
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personality, judge, plan, process
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parietal
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math and spatial reasoning
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temporal
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recognize faces
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occipital
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visual
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