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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
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Hindsight Bias
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Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions
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Critical Thinking
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An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organises observations and predicts behaviours or events
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Theory
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A testable prediction, often implied theory
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Hypnosis
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A statement of the procedures used to define research variables
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Operational Definition
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Repeating the essence of a research study to whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
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Replication
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An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
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Case Study
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A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviours of a particular group
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Survey
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All the cases in a group being studied from which samples may be drawn
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Population
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A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
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Random Sample
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Observing and recording behaviour in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
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Naturalistic Observation
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A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus oh how well either factor predicts the other
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Correlation
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A statistical index of the relationship between two things
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Correlation Coefficient
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A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables
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Scatterplots
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The perception of a relationship where none exists
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Illusory Correlation
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Research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behaviours or mental process (the dependent variable)
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Experiment
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Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance
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Random Assignment
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An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo
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Double-Blind Procedure
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Experimental results cause by expectations alone
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Placebo Effect
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In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment (i.e. the independent variable)
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Experimental Group
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In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment
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Control Group
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The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
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Independent Variable
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The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
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Dependent Variable
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The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
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Mode
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The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores
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Mean
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The middle score in a distribution
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Median
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The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
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Range
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A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
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Standard Deviation
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A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
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Statistical Significance
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