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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
memory
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an active system that recieves, stores, organizes, alters, and recovers information
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encoding
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converting in formation into a form in which it will be retained in memory
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stored
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holding information in memory for later use
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retrived
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recovering information from storage in memory
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sensory memory
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holds an exact record of incoming information for a few seconds or less
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icon
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a mental image or visual representation
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echo
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a brief continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is heard
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short-term memory
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holds small amounts of information for relatively brief periods
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working memory
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used for thinking and problem solving
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long-term memory
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lasting storehouse for knowlege
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information bits (stm)
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meaningful units of information such as numbers, letters, words, or phrases
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information chunks
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information bits grouped into larger units
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recodes
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reorganizing/modifying information to assist storage in the memory
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maintenance rehersal
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repeating/mentally reviewing information to hold in short-term memory
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elaborative rehersal
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rehersal that links new information with existing memories and knowledge
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contructive processing
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reorganizing/updating memories on the basis of logic, reasoning, or the addition of new information
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memory structure
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pattern of associations among items of information
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network model
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a model of memory that views it as an organized system of linked information
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redintegrated memories
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memories that are reconstructed/expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to another, related memories
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long-term memory categories
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1. procedural memory
2. declarative memory |
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procedural memory
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long-term memories of conditioned responses and learned skills
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declarative memory
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part of long-term memory containing specific factual information
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semantic memory
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declarative memory that records impersonal knowledge about the world
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episodic memory
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declarative memory that records personal experiences that are linked with time and places
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episodic memory
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declarative memory that records personal experiences that are linked with time and places
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tip-of-the-tongue
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the feeling that the memory is available but not quite retrievable
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feeling of knowing
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a feeling that allows people to predict beforehand whether they will be able to remember something
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memory tasks
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recall, recognition, relearning
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recall
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a direct retieval of facts or information
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verbatim
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word for word
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serial position effect
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most errors in remembering the middle items of a list
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recognition memory
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correctly identifying previously learned information
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relearning
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learning again
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explicit memory
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past experiences that are consciously brought into mind
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implicit memory
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memory that a person doesn't know exists
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priming
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retrieving implicit memories by using cues to activate hidden memories
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internal images
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mental images
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eidetic imagery
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visual images clear enough to be scanned/retained for 3 seconds
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mnemonics
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OCEAN
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curve of forgetting
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graph that shows the amount of memorizes information remembered after varying lengths of time
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encoding failure
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failure to store sufficient information to form a useful memory
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memory traces
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changes in nerve cell/brain activity decay
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memory decay
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fading/weakening of memories assumed to occur when memory traces become weaker
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disuse
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infrequent retrieval
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memory cues
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any stimulus associated with a particular memory; enhance retrieval
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state dependent learning
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memory influences by one's bodily state at the time of learning and at the time of retrival; improved memory occurs when the bodily states match
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interference
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tendency for new memories to impair retrieval of older memories
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retroactive interference
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tendency for new learning to inhibit retrieval of old learning
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proactive interference
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tendency for old memories to interfere with the retrieval of newer memories
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positive transfer
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takes place when mastery of one task aids mastery of a second task
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negative transfer
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skills developed in one situation conflict with those required to master a new task
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repression
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unconsciously pushing memories out of awareness
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suppression
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an active, conscious attempt to put something out of mind
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flashbulb memories
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memories created at times of high emotion that seem especially vivid
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consolidation
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process by which relatively permanent memories are formed in the brain
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electroconvulsive shock (ESC)
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an electric current passes directly through the brain, producing a convulsion
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hippocampus
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a brain structure associated with emtoion and the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory
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engram
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a "memory trace" in the brain
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