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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Schema
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a concept or framework for organizing and interpreting info
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Challenging a schema
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cognitive dissodance
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assimilation
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keep your schema and force the info into your exisiting schema
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accommodation
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change your schema to fit the new experience
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development
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the changes we go through during our lifetime
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4 stages of developement
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physical, social, cognitive, moral
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maturation
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development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint
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T or F? All social behavior in humans is learned
Why? |
F. newborn's senses facilitate social responses
4 reasons why... see best 8-12 inches away, turn toward a human voice, gaze longer at facelike objects, and ldentify mom's smell |
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separation anxiety
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stranger danger that begins around 8 months and peaks at 13 months regardless of daycare experience
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T or F? Love and affection are not necessary for healthy development
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FALSE, harlow's monkey's
isolation= withdrawn, increased aggression, decreased serotonin |
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T or F? Babies have cupboard love
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F. Harlow's monkies (monkies prefer cloth mother even if she doesn't provide food)
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T or F? Babies have a critical period for attaching to their caregivers
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False
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T or F? Parents who respond every time thier child cries reinforces crying behavior
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F. Children of responsive mothers are more self-assured and less clingy
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Harlow
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Monkies. Cloth v Wire. Love/ Warmth v. Food. Abusive mothers v. no mothers at all.
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Ainsworth
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Strange situations
sensitive mothers= mom is a safe base for exploring, enjoys mom's comfort insensitive mothers= distressed and sometimes refuse mom's comfort |
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T or F? Children do not bond with abusive parents
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F. They do bond. Harlow's monkies.
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T or F? Newborns are passive observers to their surroundings and do not understand simple math concepts
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F. infants as young as 5 months have demonstrated an understanding of simple subtraction in habituation studies
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infants + daycare =
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insecurly attached at 1 year old and agressive at older ages
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children 2 and older + daycare =
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increased intellectual and social growth
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Infants less than 6 months + daycare=
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more outgoing, popular, and successful
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Daycare good for infants?
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IDK. Time spent in daycare b/t 1 month and 6 years correlates positively with mental development but negatively with engaged mother-child interactions
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When do babies discover themself? (self-concept test)
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18 months (lipstick on the nose)
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Authoratarian Parent
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imposes rules, expects obedience
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Permissive Parent
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few demands, little punishment, child gets her way
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Authoratative Parent
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Demanding and responsive; children of these parents have the highest self esteem an social competence
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zygote
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fertilized egg
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embryo
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developed zygote
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fetus
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final stages of developement after an embryo
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rooting reflex
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touching a babies face and it goes after food
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sensorimotor
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birth to 2 years; cognitive development; experiences the world through senses and actions; object permanece and stranger anxiety
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preoperational
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2 to 6 years; representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning; pretend play, egocentrism, language development
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egocentrism
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its like when a child has difficulty perceiving thing 4rm another person's point of view. like when a child puts their hands over their eyes and they assume noone can c them bcuz they cant see anyone or wen a child is asked if they have a sibling and they say yes bt when asked if that person has a sibling they say no bcuz they dnt think abt theirselves being the sibling.
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concrete operational
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7 to 11 years; thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations (conversation, math)
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formal operational
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12 years +; abstract reasoning
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phonemes
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small distinctive sound units in language
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morphemes
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smallest unit that carries meaning in a word (prefixes, suffixes)
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grammar
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a system of rules that allows us to understand each other
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semantics
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study of meaning in language
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syntax
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a set of rules for combining words in a sentence
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babbling stage
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4months to 10 months: random noises of all phonemes to babbles becoming restricted to noise of home language
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One Word Stage
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Begins at 12 months
Word learning begins to explode around 18 months |
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Two Word Stage (telegraphic speech)
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around 24 months
follows rules of syntax after this, children quickly learn language |
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Skinner
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Language is learned through association, imitation, and reinforcement
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Chomsky
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specific language is learned but children are pre-wired with the capacity to learn (language acquisition device)
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critical period
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there is a certain period in an infants life that he must learn language or else he will never learn
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Whorf
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language affects the way we think
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lingustic relativity
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language affects the way we think
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Piaget
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children are scientists and learn through nature and direct experience with the world
(cognitive development) |
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Vygotsky
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children are appertices and learn through interactions with others (nurture)
(cognitive development) |
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Kohlberg
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children move through predictable stages in moral reasoning
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Preconventional
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Less than 9 years old; based on rewards, punishment, and self-interest
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Conventional
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9 to 20; morals are based on social norms and fulfilling obligations
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Postconventional
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post-adolescent; morality is based on human rights, democracy, and basic human principals
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How do you move up a morality level?
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When you are exposed to the level above which you are trying to achieve
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Criticisms of Kholberg
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1. level 6/7 are hypothetical
2. non-western cultures place a greater emphasis on interdependence 3. banished female ethics to a lower level |
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Carol Gilligan
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Woman's morality scale
pre: self-serving conventional: self-sacrificing post: avoid harm to others and herself |
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Why is adolescence getting longer?
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improved nutrition, compulsory schooling, social gap widened, earlier puberty; tension between biological maturity and social dependence
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primary sex characteristics
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reproductive organs and external genitalia
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secondary sex characteristics
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nonreproductive traits
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menarche
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1st menstrual period
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How early maturation affects boys...
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more physical, popluar, self-assured, independent
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How early maturation affects girls...
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stress, teasing, out of sync
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Erikson
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psychosocial stages of development that take place over a lifetime
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Trust v. Mistrust
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birth to 1 year
Needs maximum comfort with minimal uncertainty to trust himself/herself, others, and the environment |
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autonomy v. shame
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1 to 3
Works to master physical environment while maintaining self-esteem |
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initiative v. guilt
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3 to 5
Begins to initiate, not imitate, activities; develops conscience and sexual identity |
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industry v. inferiority
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6 to 11
Tries to develop a sense of self-worth by refining skills |
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Identity v. role confusion
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12 to 20
Tries integrating many roles (child, sibling, student, athlete, worker) into a self-image under role model and peer pressure |
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intimacy v. isolation
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yound adult
Learns to make personal commitment to another as spouse, parent or partner |
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generativity v. stagnation
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middle adult
Seeks satisfaction through productivity in career, family, and civic interests |
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integrity v. despair
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old age
Reviews life accomplishments, deals with loss and preparation for death |
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What physical abilities peak in your mid 20s?
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muscular strength, cardiac output, sensory precision, and reaction time
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menopause
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cessation of menstruation in mid 40s/50s
has hotflashes no has midlife crisis |
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T or F? Men get sexier as they get older
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F. Decrease in sperm count and testosterone and speed of erection
no has midlife crisis |
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How do the senses change over time?
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lens of the eye become less transparent; pupils skrink; need more light to read
hearing declines more rapidly than the other senses |
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How does health change over time?
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old people are less susceptible to short term illness (increased antibodies) but more susceptible to long term illness (decreased immune responce)
<5% of people are in assisted living homes |
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Brain cells begin to gradually die at...
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adolescence
lose 5% of brain mass by age 80 |
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What 4 things cause increased loss of brain cells?
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alzheimer's, strokes, tumors, alcohol
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Alzheimers
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degeneration of acetylcholine producig neurons
memory goes, then reasoning, then language estrogen decreases alzheimers in post menopausal women |
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Old people lose the ability to...
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recall
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Old people are good at...
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recognizing words
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Old people remember things that are ...
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meaningful, not meaningless
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cross sectional study
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people of different ages compared to one another
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longitudinal study
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the same people are restudied over a long period
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crystallized intelligence
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how much you know (increases with age)
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fluid intelligence
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ability to solve novel problems (decreases with age)
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