Ap Psychology Chp 9 Notes

Front 1

cognition

Back 1

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication.

Front 2

concept

Back 2

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Front 3

prototype

Back 3

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories.

Front 4

algorithm

Back 4

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guaranteed soling a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier but also more error-prone than heuristics.

Front 5

heuristic

Back 5

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms.

Front 6

insight

Back 6

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy based solutions.

Front 7

confirmation bias

Back 7

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

Front 8

fixation

Back 8

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.

Front 9

mental set

Back 9

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

Front 10

functional fixedness

Back 10

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.

Front 11

representativeness heuristic

Back 11

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

Front 12

availability heuristic

Back 12

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to min, we presume such events are common.

Front 13

overconfidence

Back 13

the tendency to be more confident than correct to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

Front 14

belief perseverance

Back 14

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

Front 15

intuition

Back 15

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or though, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

Front 16

framing

Back 16

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

Front 17

language

Back 17

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

Front 18

phoneme

Back 18

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

Front 19

morpheme

Back 19

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word.

Front 20

grammar

Back 20

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.

Front 21

semantics

Back 21

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.

Front 22

syntax

Back 22

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.

Front 23

babbling stage

Back 23

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

Front 24

one-word stage

Back 24

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

Front 25

two-word stage

Back 25

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly tow-word statements.

Front 26

telegraphic speech

Back 26

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegraph –“go car” – using mostly nouns and verbs

Front 27

asphasia

Back 27

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area or to Wernicke’s area.

Front 28

Broca's area

Back 28

controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually kin the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

Front 29

Wernicke's Area

Back 29

controls language reception – a brain are involved in language comprehension, and expression; usually in he left temporal lobe.

Front 30

linguistic determinism

Back 30

Whorf’s hypothesis hat language determines the way we think.