Ap Psychology Chapter 5

Front 1

Sensation

Back 1

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system revive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.

Front 2

Perception

Back 2

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

Front 3

Bottom up processing

Back 3

Analysis that begins with sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration is sensory information.

Front 4

Top-down processing

Back 4

Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.

Front 5

Psychophysics

Back 5

The study of the relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and or psychological experience of them.

Front 6

Absolute threshold

Back 6

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.

Front 7

Signal detection theory

Back 7

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus(signal) amid background stimulation(noise).

Front 8

Subliminal

Back 8

Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awarness.

Front 9

Priming

Back 9

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations l, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.

Front 10

Difference threshold

Back 10

The minimum difference between two stimuli requires for detection 50% of the time.

Front 11

Weber's Law

Back 11

The principal that, to be perceived as diffrent, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage.

Front 12

Sensory Adaptation

Back 12

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.

Front 13

Transduction

Back 13

Conversions of one form of energy to another. For example smells that trigger an electric response in the brain.

Front 14

Intensity

Back 14

The amount of energy in a light or sound wave. Which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude.

Front 15

Pupil

Back 15

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

Front 16

Iris

Back 16

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

Front 17

Lens

Back 17

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.

Front 18

Accommodation

Back 18

The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.

Front 19

Neatsightedness

Back 19

A condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly that distant objects because distant object focus in front of the retina.

Front 20

Farsightedness

Back 20

A condition in which far away objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina.

Front 21

Rods

Back 21

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision.

Front 22

Rods

Back 22

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision.

Front 23

Cones

Back 23

Retinal receptors cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well lit conditions. They detect fine detail and give rise to color ssnsations.

Front 24

Blind spot

Back 24

The point at which the optic nerve which leaves eye.

Front 25

Fovea

Back 25

The central focal point in the retina, around which the eyes cones clusters.

Front 26

Parallel processing

Back 26

The processing of several aspects if a problem simultaneously .

Front 27

Young - Helmholtz trichromatic theory

Back 27

The theory that the retina contains three diffrent color receptors ome most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue- which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color.

Front 28

Opponent-procces theory

Back 28

The theory that opposing retinal process enable color vision.

Front 29

Color constancy

Back 29

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wave-lengths reflected by the object.

Front 30

Audition

Back 30

The sense or act of hearing

Front 31

Frequency

Back 31

The number of complete wave lengths that pass a point in a given time.

Front 32

Pitch

Back 32

A tone's experienced highness ot lowness; depends on frequency.

Front 33

Middle ear

Back 33

The chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing 3 tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the ear drum on the cochlea's oval window.

Front 34

Cochela

Back 34

A coiled, bony, fluid-filled rube in the inner ear through which sound wave trigger nerve impulses.

Front 35

Inner ear

Back 35

The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochela, semicircular canals and vestibular sacs

Front 36

Place theory

Back 36

In hearing, the theory that link the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulauted.

Front 37

Frequency theory

Back 37

In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense it's pitch.

Front 38

Conduction hearing loss

Back 38

Hearing loss caused by the damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.

Front 39

Sensorineural hearing loss

Back 39

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or ti the auditory nerves (nerve deafness)