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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is cognition?
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The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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What is concept?
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A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
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What is prototype?
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A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category.
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What is algorithm?
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A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier-but also more error-prone-use of heuristics.
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What is heuristic?
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A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
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What is insight?
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A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
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What is confirmation bias?
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A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.
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What is fixation?
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The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.
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What is mental set?
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A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
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What is functional fixedness?
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The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
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What is representativeness heuristic?
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Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.
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What is availability heuristic?
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Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common.
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What is overconfidence?
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The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments.
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What is framing?
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The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
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What is belief bias?
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The tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.
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What is belief perseverance?
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Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the bias on which they were formed has been discredited.
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What is language?
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Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
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What is phoneme?
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In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
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What is morpheme?
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In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word for a part of word.
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What is grammar?
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In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
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What is semantics?
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The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.
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What is syntax?
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The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
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What is babbling stage?
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Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
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What is one-word stage?
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The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
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What is two-words stage?
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Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.
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What is telegraphic speech?
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Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram "go car"- using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words.
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What is linguistic speech?
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Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
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