Ap Psychology-Ch.8:language And Thought

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Acculturation

Back 1

The degree to which a person is socially and psychologically integrated into a new culture.

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Acquisition

Back 2

The formation of a new conditioned response tendency.

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Algorithm

Back 3

A methodical, step-by-step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem.

Front 4

Alternative outcomes effect

Back 4

Phenomenon that occurs when people's belief about whether an outcome will occur changes depending on how alternative outcomes are distributed, even though the assumed probability of the alternative outcomes is held constant.

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Availability heuristic

Back 5

Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind.

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Behavior

Back 6

Any overt (observable) response or activity by an organism.

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Belief perseverance

Back 7

The tendency to hang onto beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence.

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Bilingualism

Back 8

The acquisition of two languages that use different speech sounds, vocabularies, and grammatical rules.

Front 9

Confirmation bias

Back 9

The tendency to seek information that supports one's decisions and beliefs while ignoring disconfirming information.

Front 10

Conjunction fallacy

Back 10

An error that occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone.

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Decision making

Back 11

The process of evaluating alternatives and making choices among them.

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Empiricism

Back 12

The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation.

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Fast mapping

Back 13

The process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure to the word.

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Field dependence-independence

Back 14

Individuals' tendency to rely primarily on external versus internal frames of reference when orienting themselves in space.

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Framing

Back 15

How issues are posed or how choices are structured.

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Functional fixedness

Back 16

The tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use.

Front 17

Gambler's fallacy

Back 17

The belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently.

Front 18

Heuristic

Back 18

A strategy, guiding principle, or rule of thumb used in solving problems or making decisions.

Front 19

Insight

Back 19

In problem solving, the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based primarily on trial and error.

Front 20

Intelligence tests

Back 20

Psychological tests that measure general mental ability.

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Language

Back 21

A set of symbols that convey meaning, and rules for combining those symbols, that can be used to generate an infinite variety of messages.

Front 22

Language acquisition device (LAD)

Back 22

An innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of language.

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Linguistic relativity

Back 23

The theory that one's language determines the nature of one's thought.

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Mean length of utterance (MLU)

Back 24

The average length of children's spoken statements (measured in phonemes).

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Mental set

Back 25

Persisting in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past.

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Metalinguistic awareness

Back 26

The ability to reflect on the use of language.

Front 27

Morphemes

Back 27

The smallest units of meaning in a language.

Front 28

Overextensions

Back 28

Using a word incorrectly to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to.

Front 29

Overregularization

Back 29

In children, incorrect generalization of grammatical rules to irregular cases where they do not apply.

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Phonemes

Back 30

The smallest units of sound in a spoken language.

Front 31

Problem solving

Back 31

Active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily available.

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Problem space

Back 32

The set of possible pathways to a solution considered by the problem solver.

Front 33

Psychological test

Back 33

A standardized measure of a sample of a person's behavior.

Front 34

Representativeness heuristic

Back 34

Basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event.

Front 35

Risky decision making

Back 35

Making choices under conditions of uncertainty.

Front 36

Sample

Back 36

The collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study.

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Semantics

Back 37

The area of language concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations.

Front 38

Syntax

Back 38

A system of rules that specify how words can be combined into phrases and sentences.

Front 39

Telegraphic speech

Back 39

Speech that consists mainly of content words; articles, prepositions, and other less critical words are omitted.

Front 40

Theory of bounded rationality

Back 40

Simon's assertion that people tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus on only a few facets of available options and often result in “irrational“ decisions that are less than optimal.

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Trial and error

Back 41

Trying possible solutions sequentially and discarding those that are in error until one works.

Front 42

Underextensions

Back 42

Errors that occur when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to.

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Noam Chromsky

Back 43

a

Front 44

Leda Cosmides & John Tooby

Back 44

a

Front 45

Gerd Gigerenzer

Back 45

a

Front 46

Daniel Kahneman

Back 46

a

Front 47

Steven Pinker

Back 47

a

Front 48

Sue Savage-Rumbaugh

Back 48

a

Front 49

Herbet Simon

Back 49

a

Front 50

B.F Skinner

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a

Front 51

Amos Tversky

Back 51

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