Ap Psych Vocab 18

Front 1

attribution theory

Back 1

suggests how we explain someone's behavior --by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

Front 2

fundamental attribution error

Back 2

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

Front 3

attitude

Back 3

feelings, often based on our beliefs, that pre-dispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Front 4

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Back 4

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Front 5

conformity

Back 5

adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Front 6

normative social influence

Back 6

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disproval

Front 7

informational social influence

Back 7

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

Front 8

social facilitation

Back 8

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

Front 9

social loafing

Back 9

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Front 10

deindividuation

Back 10

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occuring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Front 11

group polarization

Back 11

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussions within the group.

Front 12

groupthink

Back 12

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Front 13

prejudice

Back 13

an unjustifiable (and usually negative)attitude toward a group and its members. prejudice generally includes stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory actions.

Front 14

stereotype

Back 14

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

Front 15

discrimination

Back 15

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members.

Front 16

ingroup

Back 16

"us"-people with whom one shares a common identity.

Front 17

outgroup

Back 17

"them"-those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup.

Front 18

ingroup bias

Back 18

the tendency to favor one's own group.

Front 19

scapegoat theory

Back 19

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Front 20

just-world phenomenon

Back 20

the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Karma

Front 21

aggression

Back 21

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

Front 22

frustration-aggression principle

Back 22

the principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate agression.

Front 23

conflict

Back 23

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

Front 24

social trap

Back 24

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Front 25

mere exposure effect

Back 25

the phenomemon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

Front 26

passionate love

Back 26

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

Front 27

compassionate love

Back 27

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Front 28

equity

Back 28

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Front 29

self-disclosure

Back 29

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

Front 30

altruism

Back 30

unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

Front 31

bystander effect

Back 31

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Front 32

social exchange theory

Back 32

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Front 33

reciprocity norm

Back 33

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

Front 34

social-responsibility norm

Back 34

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.

Front 35

superordinate goals

Back 35

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Front 36

GRIT

Back 36

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction--a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.